1 00:00:01,560 --> 00:00:05,140 Our world is undergoing profound change. 2 00:00:05,140 --> 00:00:07,650 Science and technology are transforming 3 00:00:07,650 --> 00:00:09,840 our lives with dizzying speed. 4 00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:13,210 Astonishing innovations are ushering 5 00:00:13,210 --> 00:00:15,310 in a new era of opportunity. 6 00:00:16,740 --> 00:00:18,780 The high-tech revolution is fueling 7 00:00:18,780 --> 00:00:20,550 creativity around the globe, 8 00:00:21,440 --> 00:00:23,760 inspiring visionary solutions. 9 00:00:26,060 --> 00:00:28,510 So open your eyes and get ready 10 00:00:28,510 --> 00:00:31,630 for an amazing journey to 2050, 11 00:00:31,630 --> 00:00:33,787 to dream the future. 12 00:00:33,787 --> 00:00:36,620 (inspiring music) 13 00:00:47,412 --> 00:00:50,162 (mystical music) 14 00:00:52,621 --> 00:00:55,621 (inquisitive music) 15 00:00:56,950 --> 00:01:00,020 Breathing, drinking, eating: 16 00:01:00,020 --> 00:01:03,130 vital needs that keep every creature alive, 17 00:01:04,700 --> 00:01:07,370 but we humans have elevated food 18 00:01:07,370 --> 00:01:09,870 into more than a biological necessity. 19 00:01:12,150 --> 00:01:16,010 Mealtime is a ritual, shared by all humanity. 20 00:01:18,740 --> 00:01:20,850 Food is something that, I mean, 21 00:01:20,850 --> 00:01:24,090 it provides the sustenance for us to live 22 00:01:24,090 --> 00:01:27,110 and it's at the basis of cultures. 23 00:01:27,110 --> 00:01:30,100 It's the thing that brings people, families, together. 24 00:01:30,100 --> 00:01:31,720 Food is that uniting factor. 25 00:01:31,720 --> 00:01:33,480 It's so fundamental to human life. 26 00:01:35,090 --> 00:01:36,570 In developed nations, 27 00:01:36,570 --> 00:01:39,670 chefs have become stars. 28 00:01:39,670 --> 00:01:43,760 Gastronomy is an art and food is abundant, 29 00:01:44,770 --> 00:01:47,380 but for much of the population, 30 00:01:47,380 --> 00:01:49,730 eating remains a daily struggle. 31 00:01:51,632 --> 00:01:53,830 (speaking foreign language) 32 00:01:53,830 --> 00:01:54,840 On this planet are 33 00:01:54,840 --> 00:01:56,420 a certain number of individuals 34 00:01:57,620 --> 00:02:00,590 and we know that if we found a better way of sharing food, 35 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:05,150 the overfed billion would enable the undernourished billion 36 00:02:05,150 --> 00:02:08,530 to find enough food to satisfy the daily needs 37 00:02:08,530 --> 00:02:11,020 of each individual living on this planet. 38 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:16,110 Tomorrow, the pressures on 39 00:02:16,110 --> 00:02:18,070 our food system will increase. 40 00:02:19,670 --> 00:02:22,340 Climate change, dwindling water, 41 00:02:22,340 --> 00:02:25,100 an explosion of obesity and diabetes. 42 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:29,370 Our current path is unsustainable. 43 00:02:32,175 --> 00:02:33,010 (speaking foreign language) 44 00:02:33,010 --> 00:02:35,780 We have the quantities to feed the planet, 45 00:02:35,780 --> 00:02:39,090 even with the problems of access we have today, 46 00:02:39,090 --> 00:02:42,360 but there has indeed been excessive pressure 47 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:44,900 on the environment so we have reached limits 48 00:02:44,900 --> 00:02:46,250 that are clear to everyone. 49 00:02:47,747 --> 00:02:49,840 (inspirational music) 50 00:02:49,840 --> 00:02:52,010 How will we feed nine billion 51 00:02:52,010 --> 00:02:53,640 Earthlings in 2050? 52 00:02:56,170 --> 00:02:58,140 Can science offer solutions 53 00:02:58,140 --> 00:03:00,550 that respect the planet and its inhabitants? 54 00:03:02,610 --> 00:03:05,410 Humanity is facing a profound challenge. 55 00:03:08,930 --> 00:03:10,640 I think we've been living in a false economy 56 00:03:10,640 --> 00:03:13,040 for a long time and I think that false economy 57 00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:15,500 has enabled people to eat too much, 58 00:03:15,500 --> 00:03:17,440 buy too much, waste too much 59 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:19,290 and I think that's the change that we're seeing. 60 00:03:19,290 --> 00:03:21,260 We might like to think that we want 61 00:03:21,260 --> 00:03:23,470 to continue doing what we like to do, 62 00:03:23,470 --> 00:03:26,170 but that's a real arrogance of our humanity right now 63 00:03:26,170 --> 00:03:29,070 is we want it, we want it now, we want to do what we like. 64 00:03:30,350 --> 00:03:33,530 We must forge a new relationship with food, 65 00:03:34,670 --> 00:03:35,503 but how? 66 00:03:36,350 --> 00:03:38,260 Will the future resemble the pages 67 00:03:38,260 --> 00:03:39,720 of a science fiction novel? 68 00:03:41,010 --> 00:03:44,050 Will the mythical meal in a pill be the solution? 69 00:03:44,050 --> 00:03:46,330 There you are, clam chowder, roast beef, 70 00:03:46,330 --> 00:03:49,130 beets, asparagus, pie a la mode, and coffee. 71 00:03:49,130 --> 00:03:50,140 How does that sound? 72 00:03:50,140 --> 00:03:51,214 Oh, that's fine. 73 00:03:51,214 --> 00:03:52,047 Okay. 74 00:03:52,047 --> 00:03:53,703 You now, I love roast beef. 75 00:03:53,703 --> 00:03:54,536 Yeah? 76 00:03:56,752 --> 00:03:59,052 Here you are boy, wrap yourself around that. 77 00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:02,920 Will we eat beetles, 78 00:04:02,920 --> 00:04:04,100 as we would an almond? 79 00:04:06,302 --> 00:04:07,640 (woman mumbles) 80 00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:10,070 Will pizzas swell miraculously 81 00:04:10,070 --> 00:04:11,610 in eccentric ovens? 82 00:04:14,533 --> 00:04:15,700 Ooh. 83 00:04:16,930 --> 00:04:19,800 Is it ready? 84 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:22,580 The revolution is already underway. 85 00:04:24,270 --> 00:04:28,440 In Japan, in Israel, in California, 86 00:04:29,700 --> 00:04:33,530 inventors and entrepreneurs are testing new models 87 00:04:33,530 --> 00:04:35,540 for feeding our future world. 88 00:04:36,979 --> 00:04:37,812 (speaking foreign language) 89 00:04:37,812 --> 00:04:40,730 We are really slaves to the taste of meat. 90 00:04:41,648 --> 00:04:44,470 What we can do to counter this explosion of cattle farming 91 00:04:44,470 --> 00:04:46,700 is to eat plant-based meat that is as good 92 00:04:46,700 --> 00:04:48,100 or better than the original. 93 00:04:50,668 --> 00:04:51,501 (speaking foreign language) 94 00:04:51,501 --> 00:04:53,940 I can see people growing during work time, 95 00:04:53,940 --> 00:04:57,380 or after work, without being limited to weekends. 96 00:04:57,380 --> 00:04:58,870 In each individual's home, 97 00:05:00,380 --> 00:05:02,500 when we open the refrigerator door, 98 00:05:02,500 --> 00:05:04,670 we'll find fresh vegetables growing there. 99 00:05:06,090 --> 00:05:08,960 People used to know more about product 100 00:05:08,960 --> 00:05:11,580 because they knew more about the producers. 101 00:05:11,580 --> 00:05:14,560 What we're trying to do here is to recreate, 102 00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:16,610 through the use of technology, this link. 103 00:05:18,270 --> 00:05:20,700 Maybe one of the reasons that diets are failing 104 00:05:20,700 --> 00:05:23,820 is not because people are not complying with the diet, 105 00:05:23,820 --> 00:05:26,490 which is sometimes what people often think, 106 00:05:26,490 --> 00:05:28,610 but it's maybe because the dietary advice 107 00:05:28,610 --> 00:05:30,460 that we're giving to people is wrong. 108 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:35,330 Since the birth of mankind, 109 00:05:35,330 --> 00:05:39,240 we have struggled to make the best of our food options. 110 00:05:40,840 --> 00:05:43,920 Three million years ago, vegetables, roots 111 00:05:43,920 --> 00:05:47,040 and insects fed our distant ancestors. 112 00:05:50,810 --> 00:05:53,160 Then we became hunter gatherers. 113 00:05:55,210 --> 00:05:57,090 About half a million years ago, 114 00:05:57,090 --> 00:06:00,700 having mastered fire, we began to cook our prey. 115 00:06:01,730 --> 00:06:04,510 Soon we dreamed of producing the ingredients 116 00:06:04,510 --> 00:06:06,580 for our meals ourselves. 117 00:06:07,510 --> 00:06:09,990 10 thousand years ago, we began 118 00:06:09,990 --> 00:06:12,540 growing grains and rearing animals. 119 00:06:14,510 --> 00:06:18,730 In 400 BC, Hippocrates taught us that good food 120 00:06:18,730 --> 00:06:21,040 was indeed synonymous with good health. 121 00:06:22,930 --> 00:06:26,670 Others, such as Apicius, became master chefs. 122 00:06:28,950 --> 00:06:32,550 Explorers like Columbus shook up our dietary 123 00:06:32,550 --> 00:06:35,030 habits with New World foods. 124 00:06:37,150 --> 00:06:40,150 Food conservation became a real challenge. 125 00:06:42,550 --> 00:06:46,010 The invention of canning, then pasteurization, 126 00:06:46,010 --> 00:06:48,710 heralded the agro-industrial era. 127 00:06:50,710 --> 00:06:54,030 The first self-service restaurant opened in 1916. 128 00:06:56,070 --> 00:06:59,180 The first fast food outlet in 1948. 129 00:07:00,660 --> 00:07:03,460 Five years later the microwave oven 130 00:07:03,460 --> 00:07:06,200 supercharged the processed food industry. 131 00:07:07,420 --> 00:07:10,350 Busy feeding an ever growing population, 132 00:07:10,350 --> 00:07:14,210 we didn't anticipate the health and environmental impacts. 133 00:07:15,630 --> 00:07:18,060 Now, we face a new challenge. 134 00:07:19,250 --> 00:07:21,260 The future is food 3.0, 135 00:07:21,260 --> 00:07:23,500 which I believe will be high-productivity 136 00:07:23,500 --> 00:07:25,780 and high-sustainability and what will be 137 00:07:25,780 --> 00:07:28,300 really interesting is to see technology 138 00:07:28,300 --> 00:07:31,020 be an enabler to unleash the sustainability. 139 00:07:33,640 --> 00:07:35,640 The food chain leads to us. 140 00:07:36,890 --> 00:07:39,340 Today a large part of cultivated land 141 00:07:39,340 --> 00:07:42,870 produces soybeans and corn that we consume 142 00:07:42,870 --> 00:07:44,350 through the animals we eat. 143 00:07:47,554 --> 00:07:50,721 (mechanical whirring) 144 00:07:51,690 --> 00:07:54,680 World-wide, we consume an average of 145 00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:57,270 92 pounds of meat per year. 146 00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:03,560 To fuel this insatiable appetite, 147 00:08:03,560 --> 00:08:07,150 we've created farms with thousands of animals 148 00:08:07,150 --> 00:08:10,030 that consume millions of tons of fodder, 149 00:08:10,030 --> 00:08:12,820 produced by millions of acres of farmland. 150 00:08:14,140 --> 00:08:16,160 According to the United Nations, 151 00:08:16,160 --> 00:08:20,430 such farming accounts for 14.5% of the 152 00:08:20,430 --> 00:08:24,140 greenhouse gases linked to human activity. 153 00:08:24,140 --> 00:08:26,690 The intensive production of meat 154 00:08:26,690 --> 00:08:29,850 is an unqualified ecological disaster. 155 00:08:31,910 --> 00:08:34,130 I think we've been living in this false economy 156 00:08:34,130 --> 00:08:38,050 of eating a lot of meat, every meal, all the time, 157 00:08:38,050 --> 00:08:41,040 because we can afford to, because it's been made cheaper 158 00:08:41,040 --> 00:08:43,220 and therefore of course, it impacts on the environment, 159 00:08:43,220 --> 00:08:44,960 it impacts on our own health. 160 00:08:44,960 --> 00:08:47,120 Too much of anything's not good for us 161 00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:48,410 and not good for the planet 162 00:08:48,410 --> 00:08:51,050 and so of course once we are starting 163 00:08:51,050 --> 00:08:53,825 to address that, it's changing. 164 00:08:53,825 --> 00:08:54,658 (speaking foreign language) 165 00:08:54,658 --> 00:08:55,540 We might imagine, 166 00:08:55,540 --> 00:08:58,010 in terms of global efficiency, 167 00:08:58,010 --> 00:09:01,730 being able to offer, in countries where consumption 168 00:09:01,730 --> 00:09:04,790 of animal protein is very high, 169 00:09:04,790 --> 00:09:08,000 more foodstuffs that are based on vegetable protein, 170 00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:10,530 which favor the global environmental balance. 171 00:09:13,290 --> 00:09:15,760 Legumes, such as soybeans, peas 172 00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:18,800 or lentils are healthy and sustainable. 173 00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:21,720 They're rich is proteins 174 00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:24,360 and naturally fertilize the soil, 175 00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:27,950 but are we ready to change our eating habits? 176 00:09:30,630 --> 00:09:32,700 Meat is a life-long habit 177 00:09:32,700 --> 00:09:34,970 many feel they cannot do without. 178 00:09:35,830 --> 00:09:37,950 One farmer in the Netherlands 179 00:09:37,950 --> 00:09:40,790 aims to reconcile the pleasures of meat 180 00:09:40,790 --> 00:09:43,230 with the protection of our resources 181 00:09:43,230 --> 00:09:46,329 by making meatless meat. 182 00:09:46,329 --> 00:09:49,996 (speaking foreign language) 183 00:09:51,190 --> 00:09:54,000 I grew up on a farm where there was meat 184 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:57,060 with bulls and dairy cows. 185 00:09:57,060 --> 00:09:59,210 I was a big meat lover, so it was very hard 186 00:09:59,210 --> 00:10:00,830 for me to become vegetarian. 187 00:10:02,300 --> 00:10:04,380 I created the Vegetarian Butchers. 188 00:10:05,770 --> 00:10:08,750 My dream is to feed the world with plant-based meat. 189 00:10:15,662 --> 00:10:18,829 (mechanical whirring) 190 00:10:23,583 --> 00:10:24,687 (speaking foreign language) 191 00:10:24,687 --> 00:10:28,781 In 1997, we had a huge swine fever epidemic. 192 00:10:28,781 --> 00:10:31,330 A million pigs were contaminated. 193 00:10:32,290 --> 00:10:35,150 I was asked to store dead pigs in my cold rooms. 194 00:10:36,430 --> 00:10:38,520 This was a turning point in my thinking. 195 00:10:41,610 --> 00:10:44,930 I realized we'd gone too far and I made two decisions: 196 00:10:44,930 --> 00:10:47,820 To become vegetarian and to be an organic farmer. 197 00:10:49,630 --> 00:10:52,230 Eight years ago, I began to grow lupines, 198 00:10:52,230 --> 00:10:54,600 a plant which produces a seed 199 00:10:54,600 --> 00:10:56,700 that contains lots of protein 200 00:10:56,700 --> 00:10:58,450 and is very rich in fibers. 201 00:11:00,852 --> 00:11:03,000 To give you an idea, it contains 1/3rd 202 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:04,440 more protein than meat. 203 00:11:06,860 --> 00:11:08,370 With the Vegetarian Butchers, 204 00:11:08,370 --> 00:11:09,770 we make things more logical. 205 00:11:12,530 --> 00:11:14,740 We take the animal out of the chain. 206 00:11:15,620 --> 00:11:18,180 Usually, we feed the animals with beans and seeds, 207 00:11:19,370 --> 00:11:22,080 but it's a system that generates a lot of losses. 208 00:11:23,550 --> 00:11:27,320 Animal meat only represents 30% of the seeds used to feed it 209 00:11:30,315 --> 00:11:33,170 and but what we do is to make meat directly from seeds, 210 00:11:33,170 --> 00:11:35,630 meaning our productivity is far higher. 211 00:11:41,781 --> 00:11:45,030 Jaap has solved the conundrum of meatless meat. 212 00:11:48,150 --> 00:11:50,280 Working with local scientists, 213 00:11:50,280 --> 00:11:53,850 he developed a technique that transforms soybeans 214 00:11:53,850 --> 00:11:57,090 or lupine seeds, into chicken breast, 215 00:11:57,090 --> 00:11:59,820 without losing the taste of animal flesh. 216 00:12:03,980 --> 00:12:04,813 (speaking foreign language) 217 00:12:04,813 --> 00:12:06,640 The hardest thing is to combine 218 00:12:06,640 --> 00:12:09,460 texture and taste, because that's where 219 00:12:09,460 --> 00:12:11,060 the essence of meat lies. 220 00:12:11,920 --> 00:12:15,470 It's this combination that makes a successful product. 221 00:12:17,410 --> 00:12:20,580 It may seem like a complex technological process, 222 00:12:20,580 --> 00:12:22,240 but that's not the case. 223 00:12:22,240 --> 00:12:25,700 The plant proteins are injected into a machine with water. 224 00:12:27,666 --> 00:12:29,640 We bring it up to a certain temperature 225 00:12:29,640 --> 00:12:32,000 and pressure and mix it all up. 226 00:12:33,030 --> 00:12:35,620 We obtain this fibrous texture through friction. 227 00:12:41,390 --> 00:12:45,120 The pulp recreates the texture of chicken, 228 00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:47,700 but try telling that to meat lovers. 229 00:12:50,020 --> 00:12:52,900 In the Hague, vegetable meat is starting 230 00:12:52,900 --> 00:12:55,270 to convince even the experts. 231 00:12:56,760 --> 00:12:59,200 Jaap's shop is in the city center. 232 00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:03,200 Here he recreates the world of the traditional butcher. 233 00:13:04,930 --> 00:13:07,850 Jaap's associate, Chef Paul Bom 234 00:13:07,850 --> 00:13:10,580 is the alchemist of vegetarian butchery. 235 00:13:11,831 --> 00:13:12,900 (speaking foreign language) 236 00:13:12,900 --> 00:13:14,900 This concept store is a sales platform 237 00:13:14,900 --> 00:13:17,600 where our new customers can sample our product, 238 00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:19,820 but it's also our laboratory 239 00:13:19,820 --> 00:13:22,420 where we invent and make the new products. 240 00:13:28,010 --> 00:13:29,380 Okay, ready for testing. 241 00:13:29,380 --> 00:13:30,213 Yes. 242 00:13:34,613 --> 00:13:36,090 (speaking foreign language) 243 00:13:36,090 --> 00:13:37,130 That's not bad at all. 244 00:13:37,130 --> 00:13:38,110 Yeah. 245 00:13:42,330 --> 00:13:44,630 But there's still a taste of seeds. 246 00:13:44,630 --> 00:13:46,210 It's a bit too vegetarian. 247 00:13:47,530 --> 00:13:49,990 And the color isn't very attractive. 248 00:13:49,990 --> 00:13:51,680 Well, that's easy to fix. 249 00:13:53,316 --> 00:13:54,680 That's true. 250 00:13:56,930 --> 00:13:58,970 The funny thing was the result 251 00:13:58,970 --> 00:14:02,770 we obtained when we took part in a meatball competition 252 00:14:02,770 --> 00:14:07,100 in which meatballs were tested by a jury of professionals. 253 00:14:08,510 --> 00:14:10,950 It was a special event with 50 participants. 254 00:14:12,070 --> 00:14:14,080 They all had real meatballs, 255 00:14:14,950 --> 00:14:17,300 I entered my vegetarian meatballs. 256 00:14:18,490 --> 00:14:21,330 When they saw I was from the Vegetarian Butchers, 257 00:14:21,330 --> 00:14:23,570 they panicked, there's a vegetarian meatball 258 00:14:23,570 --> 00:14:25,776 in a meatball competition. 259 00:14:25,776 --> 00:14:28,290 And I finished third, 260 00:14:28,290 --> 00:14:30,340 third, with a meatless meatball. 261 00:14:31,850 --> 00:14:34,440 If six men, all master butchers, 262 00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:36,130 couldn't tell the difference, 263 00:14:36,130 --> 00:14:38,467 then we obviously impressed 264 00:14:38,467 --> 00:14:41,380 and we're entitled to ask why do we still eat meat. 265 00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:48,894 With his legume-based meat, 266 00:14:48,894 --> 00:14:51,150 Jaap embodies a global trend. 267 00:14:53,710 --> 00:14:57,040 Vegetable protein is booming world wide. 268 00:14:59,010 --> 00:15:01,270 Renowned chefs are raising the alarm 269 00:15:01,270 --> 00:15:03,840 on the risks of over consuming meat. 270 00:15:05,039 --> 00:15:06,070 (speaking foreign language) 271 00:15:06,070 --> 00:15:08,180 I'm not saying we should not eat meat, 272 00:15:08,180 --> 00:15:09,790 just that we should eat less. 273 00:15:12,420 --> 00:15:14,760 A totally different balance to what we'd have eaten 274 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:19,389 30 or 40 years ago, when vegetables were accompaniments, 275 00:15:19,389 --> 00:15:21,680 whereas now, proteins should accompany 276 00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:23,340 vegetables and cereals. 277 00:15:26,150 --> 00:15:29,500 Although protein is over consumed in the west, 278 00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:31,580 that's not the case everywhere. 279 00:15:32,950 --> 00:15:35,860 In the African country of Burkina Faso, 280 00:15:35,860 --> 00:15:38,820 the population will triple by 2050. 281 00:15:40,290 --> 00:15:42,960 The key to feeding them lies either 282 00:15:42,960 --> 00:15:46,040 beneath our feet or in the trees. 283 00:15:47,020 --> 00:15:48,620 So if you look at something like insects, 284 00:15:48,620 --> 00:15:50,280 the amount of feed that they require 285 00:15:50,280 --> 00:15:52,040 versus the protein output, 286 00:15:52,040 --> 00:15:54,790 there's a, you know, it's a much more compelling story. 287 00:15:56,470 --> 00:15:59,150 Over two billion people live in lands 288 00:15:59,150 --> 00:16:01,960 where insect consumption is widespread. 289 00:16:03,100 --> 00:16:07,400 Will we all soon be crunching these protein-on-legs snacks, 290 00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:09,120 like these movie heroes? 291 00:16:10,990 --> 00:16:11,840 Are you hungry? 292 00:16:12,770 --> 00:16:13,820 Yeah, I'm starving. 293 00:16:19,198 --> 00:16:22,260 Here, good for protein. 294 00:16:38,290 --> 00:16:41,130 A young entrepreneur from Burkina Faso 295 00:16:41,130 --> 00:16:43,480 is battling chronic malnutrition 296 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:46,910 by collecting and breeding the tasty caterpillar. 297 00:16:49,885 --> 00:16:51,210 (speaking foreign language) 298 00:16:51,210 --> 00:16:52,960 My dream is to use local foods 299 00:16:52,960 --> 00:16:55,270 that have high nutritional potential 300 00:16:55,270 --> 00:16:58,050 to tackle scourges such as malnutrition. 301 00:17:02,028 --> 00:17:05,195 (mechanical whirring) 302 00:17:07,481 --> 00:17:09,053 (speaking foreign language) 303 00:17:09,053 --> 00:17:11,200 I'd say that the figures prove that 1/3rd 304 00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:13,540 of the population is underfed. 305 00:17:13,540 --> 00:17:15,850 While local resources do exist, 306 00:17:15,850 --> 00:17:19,390 unfortunately, they're not used, like the shea caterpillar. 307 00:17:21,210 --> 00:17:22,360 This one's damaged. 308 00:17:22,360 --> 00:17:24,000 [Woman Translator] How many do you want, two cans? 309 00:17:25,660 --> 00:17:26,970 Yeah, two cans. 310 00:17:34,160 --> 00:17:36,640 During the rainy season, the caterpillars 311 00:17:36,640 --> 00:17:40,070 can be harvested as they descend from the shea trees. 312 00:17:41,030 --> 00:17:44,180 A well organized harvest brings a new source 313 00:17:44,180 --> 00:17:47,210 of protein and revenue to the region. 314 00:17:49,219 --> 00:17:50,430 (speaking foreign language) 315 00:17:50,430 --> 00:17:51,810 There are fewer sources of animal 316 00:17:51,810 --> 00:17:54,840 protein in rural areas because such sources 317 00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:56,700 were linked to traditional hunting. 318 00:18:00,380 --> 00:18:02,640 These sources are under threat 319 00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:04,430 and there's almost no forest for hunting, 320 00:18:04,430 --> 00:18:07,510 so people fall back on what they can find in nature. 321 00:18:09,166 --> 00:18:12,166 (inquisitive music) 322 00:18:22,099 --> 00:18:23,410 (speaking foreign language) 323 00:18:23,410 --> 00:18:27,640 So as to avoid nasty surprises in the years ahead, 324 00:18:27,640 --> 00:18:29,940 we're currently developing a caterpillar farm. 325 00:18:32,470 --> 00:18:34,640 It involves intensive caterpillar breeding. 326 00:18:36,120 --> 00:18:37,840 There are a few parameters we must clear up 327 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:39,240 that are linked to research. 328 00:18:41,065 --> 00:18:44,250 The caterpillar is a species that's hard to domesticate. 329 00:18:46,121 --> 00:18:49,960 (men speaking foreign language) 330 00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:52,280 And 433 were left. 331 00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:55,560 [Researcher Translator] And the success rate is 75%. 332 00:18:55,560 --> 00:18:56,930 The point of breeding is to produce 333 00:18:56,930 --> 00:18:59,280 large quantities in small spaces. 334 00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:01,710 Compared to what happens to animal protein. 335 00:19:04,090 --> 00:19:06,950 You need a lot of room to set up a beef farm, 336 00:19:06,950 --> 00:19:09,320 whereas a small box like this can produce 337 00:19:09,320 --> 00:19:12,560 10 to 20,000 caterpillars. 338 00:19:14,940 --> 00:19:17,880 10 pounds of plants produce seven pounds 339 00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:21,570 of insects versus one pound of beef. 340 00:19:22,930 --> 00:19:26,930 This type of farming emits 100 times less 341 00:19:26,930 --> 00:19:29,110 green house gases than meat. 342 00:19:30,350 --> 00:19:33,830 The final product, canned to avoid the potential 343 00:19:33,830 --> 00:19:36,540 contamination of a traditional market, 344 00:19:36,540 --> 00:19:38,270 is made available to all. 345 00:19:44,257 --> 00:19:45,090 (speaking foreign language) 346 00:19:45,090 --> 00:19:47,850 When Caterpillars aren't kept properly, 347 00:19:47,850 --> 00:19:49,500 they soon lose their nutrients 348 00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:52,030 and offer nothing to the consumer, 349 00:19:52,030 --> 00:19:53,340 nutritionally speaking. 350 00:19:54,660 --> 00:19:57,970 We harvest caterpillars when they're available in quantity 351 00:19:57,970 --> 00:20:00,100 and keep them fresh in a brine solution. 352 00:20:01,930 --> 00:20:05,940 Like canned food, but without ingredients or seasoning. 353 00:20:05,940 --> 00:20:07,740 It's simple, but no one had thought of it. 354 00:20:07,740 --> 00:20:09,140 That's why it's interesting. 355 00:20:16,670 --> 00:20:19,560 We are far more isolated from industrial development 356 00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:21,960 and the consequences created by capitalism 357 00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:23,670 in developed countries. 358 00:20:26,940 --> 00:20:28,940 Being on the side-lines has given us time 359 00:20:28,940 --> 00:20:31,370 to think about solutions for ourselves 360 00:20:31,370 --> 00:20:34,760 and, why not, for the developed countries, too. 361 00:20:36,657 --> 00:20:39,240 (upbeat music) 362 00:20:45,517 --> 00:20:47,090 (speaking foreign language) 363 00:20:47,090 --> 00:20:48,540 Isn't it just as weird for us 364 00:20:48,540 --> 00:20:51,200 to eat freshly sauteed shrimp 365 00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:53,510 as it is to eat freshly sauteed insects? 366 00:20:54,840 --> 00:20:58,630 Whether it's a shrimp from Brittany or a crunchy insect, 367 00:20:58,630 --> 00:21:01,100 I think the only real difference is cultural. 368 00:21:02,470 --> 00:21:03,940 There are definitely cultural issues 369 00:21:03,940 --> 00:21:06,200 around eating insects, for example, 370 00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:08,520 but there were cultural issues in the UK, 371 00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:10,760 for example around eating raw fish, 372 00:21:10,760 --> 00:21:14,440 eating sushi in the 80s was considered to be disgusting. 373 00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:17,766 We change, time changes, that's trend. 374 00:21:17,766 --> 00:21:20,349 (gentle music) 375 00:21:21,470 --> 00:21:23,140 Times are changing, 376 00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:25,040 thanks to innovators like these. 377 00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:29,840 It's up to us to follow in their footsteps. 378 00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:32,930 We must consider new sources of protein, 379 00:21:32,930 --> 00:21:35,630 even ones that seem strange and off-putting. 380 00:21:38,090 --> 00:21:41,070 We need to learn from the failures of the past. 381 00:21:45,317 --> 00:21:47,349 (mechanical whirring) 382 00:21:47,349 --> 00:21:49,510 (upbeat music) 383 00:21:49,510 --> 00:21:53,620 The 20th century was the era of full steam ahead progress. 384 00:21:57,480 --> 00:22:01,500 We outsourced our meals to the brand new agro-food industry. 385 00:22:05,210 --> 00:22:09,270 Microwaves, frozen foods, ready-made meals. 386 00:22:09,270 --> 00:22:12,800 Soon very few even knew how to grow a turnip. 387 00:22:14,740 --> 00:22:17,640 Kids are getting separated from the reality of 388 00:22:17,640 --> 00:22:19,330 an apple, where's that from? 389 00:22:19,330 --> 00:22:21,850 Meat, where does that, how does that look when it grows? 390 00:22:21,850 --> 00:22:23,810 There's almost a separation. 391 00:22:23,810 --> 00:22:27,080 In 1985, the movie Back to the Future, 392 00:22:27,080 --> 00:22:30,370 promoted the fantasy of effortless cooking. 393 00:22:30,370 --> 00:22:32,020 Don't you be a smart-ass. 394 00:22:33,005 --> 00:22:34,870 (woman mumbles) 395 00:22:34,870 --> 00:22:36,856 Hydrate level four please. 396 00:22:36,856 --> 00:22:38,333 (machine bubbling) 397 00:22:38,333 --> 00:22:41,470 (machine dinging) 398 00:22:41,470 --> 00:22:42,303 Mmmm. 399 00:22:43,870 --> 00:22:45,490 Is it ready? 400 00:22:45,490 --> 00:22:46,840 Here you go. 401 00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:48,330 Oh, boy, oh, boy, mom-- 402 00:22:48,330 --> 00:22:49,930 Is this our future? 403 00:22:50,770 --> 00:22:51,780 Or can we do better? 404 00:22:51,780 --> 00:22:53,139 I missed that whole thing. 405 00:22:53,139 --> 00:22:53,972 (speaking foreign language) 406 00:22:53,972 --> 00:22:55,270 Food that arrives on our plate 407 00:22:55,270 --> 00:22:57,940 is an unidentified edible object. 408 00:22:57,940 --> 00:22:59,340 We have lost the link. 409 00:23:00,220 --> 00:23:03,200 Firstly, over time, as there are ways of preserving 410 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:05,530 it and extending its lifespan. 411 00:23:05,530 --> 00:23:08,080 There's no immediate access to food. 412 00:23:08,080 --> 00:23:09,720 It's not produces where you are, 413 00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:11,540 like when you lived in the country, 414 00:23:11,540 --> 00:23:13,440 so you don't know how it's produced. 415 00:23:14,480 --> 00:23:17,690 The third element is transformation technology. 416 00:23:17,690 --> 00:23:20,530 You don't know how your food has been processed. 417 00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:23,680 All these elements means there's 418 00:23:23,680 --> 00:23:25,730 a loss of the link with your food, 419 00:23:26,860 --> 00:23:29,600 but food is what we ingest. 420 00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:31,210 You are what you eat. 421 00:23:32,505 --> 00:23:35,005 (piano music) 422 00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:39,900 This loss of connection 423 00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,370 is felt all over the world, even in Japan, 424 00:23:43,370 --> 00:23:46,330 where the cuisine has unique cultural status. 425 00:23:47,850 --> 00:23:51,980 Here, 60% of farmers are nearing retirement 426 00:23:51,980 --> 00:23:54,470 and few are ready to take up the torch. 427 00:24:00,990 --> 00:24:04,590 Yasuyuki Nambu is determined to buck the trend. 428 00:24:08,037 --> 00:24:09,730 (speaking foreign language) 429 00:24:09,730 --> 00:24:11,480 Isn't the harvest pretty good? 430 00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:14,360 We've worked very hard today, it looks lovely. 431 00:24:16,671 --> 00:24:18,150 That one, too, give it to me. 432 00:24:21,510 --> 00:24:24,810 Each weekend, he heads to Awaji Island, 433 00:24:24,810 --> 00:24:27,500 an oasis that welcomes those eager 434 00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:30,195 to forge a bond with nature. 435 00:24:30,195 --> 00:24:35,195 (people speaking foreign language) 436 00:24:35,260 --> 00:24:38,140 Before, I knew nothing about agriculture. 437 00:24:41,930 --> 00:24:44,630 I thought you just had to pay to get the best products 438 00:24:45,733 --> 00:24:48,680 and I wasted a lot, I lived in opulence. 439 00:24:51,570 --> 00:24:54,510 From the moment I began to discover agriculture, 440 00:24:54,510 --> 00:24:56,520 I got really involved in it 441 00:24:56,520 --> 00:24:58,684 and it was a way to get rid of stress. 442 00:24:58,684 --> 00:25:03,684 (curious music) (mechanical whirring) 443 00:25:07,510 --> 00:25:09,840 Today everyone wants to live in a city 444 00:25:09,840 --> 00:25:11,090 and go to university. 445 00:25:12,060 --> 00:25:14,950 Everyone wants to be a business man or an artist. 446 00:25:15,970 --> 00:25:17,610 I got interested in agriculture 447 00:25:17,610 --> 00:25:20,220 to offer a new prospective on work and life. 448 00:25:32,220 --> 00:25:35,250 Now I have two lives, farmer and business man. 449 00:25:37,030 --> 00:25:39,830 The rest of the week, his life is in Tokyo. 450 00:25:41,380 --> 00:25:44,180 Teeming with 35 million souls, 451 00:25:44,180 --> 00:25:46,430 it's a preview of tomorrow's world. 452 00:25:48,780 --> 00:25:52,760 By 2050, 80% of us will live in cities. 453 00:25:54,598 --> 00:25:55,431 (speaking foreign language) 454 00:25:55,431 --> 00:25:58,010 With this growing urban population, 455 00:25:58,010 --> 00:25:59,630 who will produce and where? 456 00:26:00,760 --> 00:26:03,180 How do we see a sustainable, self-sufficient 457 00:26:03,180 --> 00:26:04,890 city in the future? 458 00:26:04,890 --> 00:26:06,500 There will be lots of changes. 459 00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:08,810 People have envisaged, and it might work in some 460 00:26:08,810 --> 00:26:12,960 Asian cities, building vertical farms with hydroponic props. 461 00:26:16,260 --> 00:26:18,310 Architects are already hard at work 462 00:26:18,310 --> 00:26:20,810 on extraordinary projects. 463 00:26:20,810 --> 00:26:23,760 The sky scraper farm Dragonfly, 464 00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:26,070 is imagined for the heart of New York City. 465 00:26:30,390 --> 00:26:32,940 It's a far cry from the shared gardens 466 00:26:32,940 --> 00:26:36,070 we find squeezed between buildings. 467 00:26:36,070 --> 00:26:39,860 Whatever the size, the key is reestablishing 468 00:26:39,860 --> 00:26:41,700 our link with the Earth. 469 00:26:43,480 --> 00:26:46,900 Mr. Nambu is all for farming in the city. 470 00:26:48,890 --> 00:26:51,630 Long before his passion for vegetables, 471 00:26:51,630 --> 00:26:54,780 he founded the largest staffing agency in Japan. 472 00:26:57,370 --> 00:27:01,430 Now, he's transformed the company headquarters 473 00:27:01,430 --> 00:27:03,010 into an urban farm. 474 00:27:06,457 --> 00:27:08,620 (speaking foreign language) 475 00:27:08,620 --> 00:27:11,280 We're in the heart of the business district. 476 00:27:12,150 --> 00:27:14,640 It is just opposite Tokyo's Central Station. 477 00:27:15,620 --> 00:27:17,580 Our building is covered in flowers. 478 00:27:20,278 --> 00:27:22,330 It allows all those who cross the street, 479 00:27:22,330 --> 00:27:25,540 business men and women, to feel the benefits of nature. 480 00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:32,370 But when we enter the building, 481 00:27:32,370 --> 00:27:34,920 the first thing we see is ears of rice. 482 00:27:36,010 --> 00:27:37,720 On the ceiling in reception 483 00:27:37,720 --> 00:27:39,320 there are pumpkins at the moment 484 00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:41,920 and next to them, squash. 485 00:27:43,110 --> 00:27:45,240 In my office I grow tomatoes. 486 00:27:46,730 --> 00:27:50,240 And in every meeting room there are fruits or vegetables. 487 00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:53,040 In fact, there are fields all over the building. 488 00:27:58,790 --> 00:28:02,150 Here we can make a paddy field grow and produce vegetables, 489 00:28:02,150 --> 00:28:06,070 while wearing a Chanel scarf or wearing a designer tie 490 00:28:06,070 --> 00:28:07,100 or a beautiful hat. 491 00:28:09,940 --> 00:28:12,940 (inquisitive music) 492 00:28:19,934 --> 00:28:21,134 (speaking foreign language) 493 00:28:21,134 --> 00:28:23,532 Why can't we have everyone eat this? 494 00:28:23,532 --> 00:28:25,540 [Woman Translator] We could write edible on it. 495 00:28:25,540 --> 00:28:27,630 Yes, let's put up a sign 496 00:28:27,630 --> 00:28:29,640 so people would watch, get used to it 497 00:28:29,640 --> 00:28:30,610 and even harvest it. 498 00:28:30,610 --> 00:28:32,650 [Woman Translator] Why not, that's a good idea. 499 00:28:41,220 --> 00:28:45,240 This vertical farm supplies the cafeteria 500 00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:48,690 and feeds some of the building's 1,500 workers. 501 00:28:54,300 --> 00:28:57,360 This building brings ancient wisdoms 502 00:28:57,360 --> 00:28:59,120 to the gardens of the future. 503 00:29:00,440 --> 00:29:04,090 Using the traditional technique of aquaponics, 504 00:29:04,090 --> 00:29:07,130 lettuces grow in water without soil, 505 00:29:07,130 --> 00:29:10,410 under lamps that reproduce the sun's rays. 506 00:29:11,660 --> 00:29:14,960 This saves space and results in a bigger yield. 507 00:29:19,978 --> 00:29:22,570 (speaking foreign language) 508 00:29:22,570 --> 00:29:24,030 I can see people growing during 509 00:29:24,030 --> 00:29:27,270 working hours or after work without being 510 00:29:27,270 --> 00:29:29,150 limited to weekends. 511 00:29:29,150 --> 00:29:30,730 In each individual's home, 512 00:29:32,010 --> 00:29:34,340 when you open the refrigerator, 513 00:29:34,340 --> 00:29:37,000 you will find fresh vegetables growing there. 514 00:29:38,750 --> 00:29:42,400 In the bathroom, there'll be herbs growing on the ceiling, 515 00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:45,310 and tomatoes ripening in the bedroom or in the kitchen. 516 00:29:47,890 --> 00:29:50,590 We'll eat what we've grown ourselves in our home. 517 00:29:52,700 --> 00:29:54,590 I think this era is coming soon. 518 00:29:56,191 --> 00:29:58,941 (positive music) 519 00:30:01,299 --> 00:30:02,132 (speaking foreign language) 520 00:30:02,132 --> 00:30:03,960 I think that in the world of 2050, 521 00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:08,110 with its mega-cities, there will be a need to find a link. 522 00:30:08,110 --> 00:30:11,800 A need for traceability, for shortened supply chains, 523 00:30:11,800 --> 00:30:14,210 for culture to know how to grow 524 00:30:14,210 --> 00:30:16,080 and urban agriculture will be part of 525 00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:17,230 this search for a link. 526 00:30:18,270 --> 00:30:20,480 There's mantra it's not your grandfather's farm, 527 00:30:20,480 --> 00:30:22,800 I mean, the way farming is done now, 528 00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:26,580 in many parts of the world is really technology enabled, 529 00:30:26,580 --> 00:30:28,290 it's, you know, super high tech 530 00:30:28,290 --> 00:30:30,560 and really, really interesting. 531 00:30:30,560 --> 00:30:32,010 So I think that more young people 532 00:30:32,010 --> 00:30:33,840 are interested in returning to the sector. 533 00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:35,650 It's really core to human life 534 00:30:35,650 --> 00:30:38,670 and there's a lot of exciting breakthrough innovations. 535 00:30:40,540 --> 00:30:43,920 Microfarms are developing throughout the world, 536 00:30:43,920 --> 00:30:47,580 combining natural resources and new technologies. 537 00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:54,860 At MIT in Boston, students have set up 538 00:30:54,860 --> 00:30:59,160 vegetable refrigerators that grow 100% organic 539 00:30:59,160 --> 00:31:01,720 lettuce in under 30 days. 540 00:31:07,580 --> 00:31:12,180 This revolution, both agricultural and societal, 541 00:31:12,180 --> 00:31:16,640 offers a future where we once again control our diet. 542 00:31:17,610 --> 00:31:19,250 So as a consumer, we're changing. 543 00:31:19,250 --> 00:31:21,610 We're getting clever, we want to know where it's from, 544 00:31:21,610 --> 00:31:24,620 how was it made, what's in it, what do it do for us, 545 00:31:24,620 --> 00:31:26,470 how is it going to make us feel? 546 00:31:26,470 --> 00:31:29,240 And I think as time goes on, we're going to be 547 00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:31,850 more demanding, we're going to have a lot 548 00:31:31,850 --> 00:31:34,808 of digital input in our choices. 549 00:31:34,808 --> 00:31:37,110 (electronic music) 550 00:31:37,110 --> 00:31:40,200 The Milan World's Fair of 2015 551 00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:43,030 showcased solutions that combine modernity 552 00:31:43,030 --> 00:31:44,800 with simplicity in our diet. 553 00:31:48,190 --> 00:31:52,460 Architects imagined and built the supermarket of tomorrow, 554 00:31:52,460 --> 00:31:54,980 a place that puts consumers in charge. 555 00:31:57,700 --> 00:32:01,000 The screens, holograms and robots 556 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:03,940 give shoppers a detailed history of every product. 557 00:32:09,795 --> 00:32:11,830 In this project, we wanted to bring together 558 00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:14,830 the people, the customers, the products 559 00:32:14,830 --> 00:32:18,370 and the technologies, to connect them 560 00:32:18,370 --> 00:32:20,470 in a fluid and seamless way. 561 00:32:20,470 --> 00:32:21,820 That's why we call the project 562 00:32:21,820 --> 00:32:23,474 the Internet of Food and People. 563 00:32:23,474 --> 00:32:28,474 (curious music) (mechanical whirring) 564 00:32:31,210 --> 00:32:33,030 To create this supermarket, 565 00:32:33,030 --> 00:32:34,810 we actually started from the past. 566 00:32:34,810 --> 00:32:37,710 People used to know more about product 567 00:32:37,710 --> 00:32:40,310 because they knew more about the producers. 568 00:32:40,310 --> 00:32:43,300 What we're trying to do here is to recreate, 569 00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:46,840 through digital technology, this link, this experience. 570 00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:49,616 So not just recreating a fake environment 571 00:32:49,616 --> 00:32:51,960 that represent an old city, 572 00:32:51,960 --> 00:32:56,000 but recreating the way you interact with the product. 573 00:32:56,000 --> 00:33:00,120 You touch a product and you have link to the producer. 574 00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:02,100 Hasn't happened in normal markets. 575 00:33:04,720 --> 00:33:06,890 In the upper part of the exhibit though, 576 00:33:06,890 --> 00:33:09,010 you receive information about the product. 577 00:33:09,010 --> 00:33:10,630 How you can receive them? 578 00:33:10,630 --> 00:33:13,040 You just go across with your hand to the product 579 00:33:13,040 --> 00:33:15,280 or you just touch the product itself 580 00:33:15,280 --> 00:33:18,630 and the system recognize the touch of your hand 581 00:33:18,630 --> 00:33:22,050 and provides you information about the product. 582 00:33:22,050 --> 00:33:23,316 The kind of information you find 583 00:33:23,316 --> 00:33:26,010 are mostly information about the food chain, 584 00:33:26,010 --> 00:33:28,410 so about the origin of the products, 585 00:33:28,410 --> 00:33:33,410 about the producer, about the amount of C02 produced 586 00:33:35,567 --> 00:33:37,990 in the chain and so on. 587 00:33:37,990 --> 00:33:40,230 All these information obviously cannot be 588 00:33:40,230 --> 00:33:41,747 find on the product itself. 589 00:33:41,747 --> 00:33:44,330 (gentle music) 590 00:33:45,328 --> 00:33:47,420 The sentence which was very inspiring to us 591 00:33:47,420 --> 00:33:50,010 that says that behind every product, 592 00:33:50,010 --> 00:33:52,700 there's a history and... 593 00:33:52,700 --> 00:33:54,800 It says that this shop is a museum 594 00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:57,430 and this is what we basically tried to do here. 595 00:33:57,430 --> 00:34:00,970 Wanted to give the import that the product deserve, 596 00:34:00,970 --> 00:34:03,690 like it was an art piece in a museum. 597 00:34:09,870 --> 00:34:12,800 With direct access to producers, 598 00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:14,790 and real-time monitoring, 599 00:34:14,790 --> 00:34:18,620 the future of food should be transparent. 600 00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:23,670 That's the challenge for trail blazers around the world. 601 00:34:27,470 --> 00:34:29,580 Take SCIO for example. 602 00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:33,790 Soon, this pocket scanner should enable you 603 00:34:33,790 --> 00:34:38,050 to analyze every dish and tell you its exact composition. 604 00:34:41,120 --> 00:34:44,980 It can even detect traces of pesticide and allergens. 605 00:34:48,890 --> 00:34:52,320 Right now we're in a time where we have a lack of trust. 606 00:34:52,320 --> 00:34:54,960 We don't really trust our governments in the same way, 607 00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:56,720 we don't trust the world in the same way, 608 00:34:56,720 --> 00:34:59,470 the banking system, the supply chain, 609 00:34:59,470 --> 00:35:02,500 we don't really trust that we can be made well any more. 610 00:35:02,500 --> 00:35:05,400 We can't be fixed with a magic bullet at the doctor's. 611 00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:07,510 We're starting to see people younger and younger 612 00:35:07,510 --> 00:35:10,320 with terminal diseases, terminal illnesses, 613 00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:13,280 so the question then comes up, how can we prevent that? 614 00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:14,810 How could we have preventative care? 615 00:35:14,810 --> 00:35:16,394 And of course that's food. 616 00:35:16,394 --> 00:35:18,718 (mechanical whirring) 617 00:35:18,718 --> 00:35:21,050 (seductive music) 618 00:35:21,050 --> 00:35:24,050 Is food making us unhappy? 619 00:35:24,050 --> 00:35:27,470 The link between food and health is undeniable. 620 00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:33,020 Recent decades have seen a massive change in our diet. 621 00:35:33,970 --> 00:35:38,720 300 years ago, we consumed as much sugar in a year 622 00:35:38,720 --> 00:35:40,980 as we now devour in a day. 623 00:35:43,360 --> 00:35:46,330 All the progress in medicine and sanitation 624 00:35:46,330 --> 00:35:49,490 that extends our lives is sabotaged 625 00:35:49,490 --> 00:35:51,080 by what we eat and drink. 626 00:35:54,079 --> 00:35:54,912 (speaking foreign language) 627 00:35:54,912 --> 00:35:57,910 What's happening right now is awful. 628 00:35:57,910 --> 00:36:02,040 In some countries, the food offered to city dwellers 629 00:36:02,040 --> 00:36:07,040 contains much more fat, sugar and salt than was traditional. 630 00:36:08,510 --> 00:36:11,460 The time constants of the nutrition transition 631 00:36:11,460 --> 00:36:14,140 in countries that have developed extremely quickly 632 00:36:14,140 --> 00:36:17,820 is incompatible with proper assimilation by the body, 633 00:36:18,730 --> 00:36:22,210 hence the terribly harmful effects on health 634 00:36:22,210 --> 00:36:24,830 of the super fast nutritional transition. 635 00:36:25,860 --> 00:36:28,850 All over the world, food and its nutritional 636 00:36:28,850 --> 00:36:32,150 surpluses or deficits in such and such an element, 637 00:36:32,150 --> 00:36:35,330 is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, 638 00:36:35,330 --> 00:36:37,230 ahead of infectious illnesses. 639 00:36:40,070 --> 00:36:43,030 Hippocrates said we are what we eat 640 00:36:43,030 --> 00:36:45,580 and it's the only phrase in the world 641 00:36:45,580 --> 00:36:47,270 that is in every single language, 642 00:36:47,270 --> 00:36:49,860 in every single dialect, all over 643 00:36:49,860 --> 00:36:51,900 and he said it so long ago, 644 00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:54,910 but actually, it's really the adage of our time 645 00:36:54,910 --> 00:36:57,900 because we are what we eat and we're going to start 646 00:36:57,900 --> 00:37:01,260 seeing the kitchen looking very much like the apothecary. 647 00:37:01,260 --> 00:37:02,990 It's almost the chemist within our house, 648 00:37:02,990 --> 00:37:05,330 we're staring to understand that we can 649 00:37:05,330 --> 00:37:06,730 heal ourselves through food. 650 00:37:08,510 --> 00:37:10,510 Researchers throughout the world 651 00:37:10,510 --> 00:37:13,450 are examining the connection between the gut 652 00:37:13,450 --> 00:37:14,680 and overall health. 653 00:37:17,500 --> 00:37:20,550 Diabetes and obesity are on the rise 654 00:37:20,550 --> 00:37:23,910 and expected to soar between now and 2050. 655 00:37:25,810 --> 00:37:29,450 In Tel Aviv, the Weizmann Institute conducted a study 656 00:37:29,450 --> 00:37:32,300 that could revolutionize our eating habits. 657 00:37:33,520 --> 00:37:37,010 Here, one child in 10 is obese. 658 00:37:39,520 --> 00:37:42,840 Professors Eran Segal and Eran Elinav 659 00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:45,160 are targeting a radical solution. 660 00:37:46,450 --> 00:37:49,990 What we thought, going into our own study, 661 00:37:49,990 --> 00:37:52,760 is that maybe one of the reasons that diets are failing 662 00:37:52,760 --> 00:37:55,860 is not because people are not complying with the diet, 663 00:37:55,860 --> 00:37:58,550 which is sometimes what people often think, 664 00:37:58,550 --> 00:38:00,680 but it's maybe because the dietary advice 665 00:38:00,680 --> 00:38:02,660 that we were giving to people is wrong. 666 00:38:02,660 --> 00:38:07,660 (curious music) (mechanical whirring) 667 00:38:09,910 --> 00:38:14,190 Maybe general diets have limitations 668 00:38:14,190 --> 00:38:15,930 because, you know, we are all different, 669 00:38:15,930 --> 00:38:19,560 we are all different in many different aspects, 670 00:38:19,560 --> 00:38:22,710 and we thought that maybe food, 671 00:38:22,710 --> 00:38:26,100 therefore, should also be tailored to the individual, 672 00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:29,010 depending on the various factors that 673 00:38:29,010 --> 00:38:31,120 that individual has. 674 00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:35,810 Over a century of science, of modern science, 675 00:38:35,810 --> 00:38:38,178 we mainly studied our human side. 676 00:38:38,178 --> 00:38:43,178 (curious music) (mechanical whirring) 677 00:38:45,468 --> 00:38:47,720 But in the last eight or 10 years, 678 00:38:47,720 --> 00:38:49,750 we discovered that within our body 679 00:38:49,750 --> 00:38:52,810 we have trillions of bacteria that are, 680 00:38:52,810 --> 00:38:55,950 in fact, now considered to be an integral part of us 681 00:38:55,950 --> 00:38:59,860 and our bacteria play fundamental roles 682 00:38:59,860 --> 00:39:01,860 in every aspect of our living. 683 00:39:01,860 --> 00:39:05,060 One of the major aspects that our bacteria 684 00:39:05,060 --> 00:39:07,750 participate in is how we react to nutrition 685 00:39:07,750 --> 00:39:11,210 and by understanding and studying 686 00:39:11,210 --> 00:39:13,770 how our gut microbes react to our nutrition 687 00:39:13,770 --> 00:39:16,230 and how these reaction results in 688 00:39:16,230 --> 00:39:18,270 effects on our metabolism, 689 00:39:18,270 --> 00:39:21,104 we are actually revolutionizing our understanding 690 00:39:21,104 --> 00:39:24,150 on nutrition, how it impacts our body 691 00:39:24,150 --> 00:39:28,477 and how it impacts our risk to develop common diseases. 692 00:39:28,477 --> 00:39:30,093 As we said, the-- 693 00:39:30,093 --> 00:39:32,060 The two researchers assembled 694 00:39:32,060 --> 00:39:35,470 a panel of 1,000 volunteers and implanted 695 00:39:35,470 --> 00:39:37,360 sensors under their skin. 696 00:39:39,780 --> 00:39:42,510 Now they could monitor in real-time 697 00:39:42,510 --> 00:39:45,170 the body's response to various foods 698 00:39:45,170 --> 00:39:47,820 by measuring blood glucose levels. 699 00:39:51,450 --> 00:39:54,840 I'm gonna put on the Fitbit Flex, 700 00:39:54,840 --> 00:39:57,320 which is a device that records 701 00:39:57,320 --> 00:40:00,370 your movements, your acceleration and deceleration 702 00:40:00,370 --> 00:40:03,300 of the body so we can also keep track of 703 00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:07,940 how you exercise and your sleeping patterns, 704 00:40:07,940 --> 00:40:12,070 so I'm just gonna put it on like a bracelet. 705 00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:17,260 By compiling millions of data points, 706 00:40:17,260 --> 00:40:20,620 they devised an algorithm that tells users 707 00:40:20,620 --> 00:40:22,550 what dishes are best for them. 708 00:40:24,810 --> 00:40:27,980 In my case, um, for sure this approach 709 00:40:27,980 --> 00:40:31,940 changed my life in terms of what I eat and what I don't eat. 710 00:40:31,940 --> 00:40:34,430 I, for example, stopped eating red meat 711 00:40:35,710 --> 00:40:37,590 because in my particular case, 712 00:40:37,590 --> 00:40:40,910 it proved to be spiking the blood sugars 713 00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:44,410 when measured in me, but my wife, 714 00:40:44,410 --> 00:40:46,730 she eats red meat a lot 715 00:40:47,592 --> 00:40:49,780 and it doesn't do any harm to her, 716 00:40:49,780 --> 00:40:51,940 which gives you an example of how personalized 717 00:40:51,940 --> 00:40:55,250 and different people's different responses are. 718 00:40:55,250 --> 00:40:58,920 For me, they did many measurements in this study 719 00:40:58,920 --> 00:41:02,760 found out that sushi, which I really enjoy, 720 00:41:02,760 --> 00:41:04,990 actually really spikes my sugar levels 721 00:41:04,990 --> 00:41:09,990 and on the other hand, ice cream and chocolate does not. 722 00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:14,259 Nutrition is not one-size-fits-all. 723 00:41:14,259 --> 00:41:18,370 In the future, we'll know if fruits are good for our health, 724 00:41:18,370 --> 00:41:20,530 or if they're good for my health. 725 00:41:22,030 --> 00:41:24,670 A miniature connected dietician 726 00:41:24,670 --> 00:41:28,740 will be available around the clock to advise you. 727 00:41:28,740 --> 00:41:31,820 At the supermarket and in our kitchen, 728 00:41:31,820 --> 00:41:34,390 nutrition will be personalized. 729 00:41:35,570 --> 00:41:38,560 I think that the options of personalization 730 00:41:38,560 --> 00:41:41,570 and how they would impact our day-to-day life 731 00:41:41,570 --> 00:41:43,400 are practically endless. 732 00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:48,400 We really believe that with the right nutritional advice, 733 00:41:49,170 --> 00:41:51,010 that would be major component that actually 734 00:41:51,010 --> 00:41:53,470 has been largely overlooked 735 00:41:53,470 --> 00:41:56,790 and much less focused on and studied, 736 00:41:56,790 --> 00:41:58,720 compared to treatment of disease 737 00:41:58,720 --> 00:42:02,040 and compared to development of drugs and molecules 738 00:42:02,040 --> 00:42:05,820 and so on and so we believe, 739 00:42:05,820 --> 00:42:07,960 and that is another reason why we were drawn 740 00:42:07,960 --> 00:42:10,750 into doing work on understanding 741 00:42:10,750 --> 00:42:13,080 right nutritional choices for people 742 00:42:13,080 --> 00:42:16,470 that this can also be another major component 743 00:42:16,470 --> 00:42:19,150 and factor by which we can prevent disease 744 00:42:19,150 --> 00:42:21,280 and also treat disease. 745 00:42:22,550 --> 00:42:25,336 For the majority of the time, which is 80% of the time, 746 00:42:25,336 --> 00:42:28,130 you'll be doing your genetic thing 747 00:42:28,130 --> 00:42:30,800 and for 20% of the time, you'll be out socializing 748 00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:33,360 and that's, we already know scientifically, 749 00:42:33,360 --> 00:42:36,330 that 80/20 will keep you healthy forever. 750 00:42:38,730 --> 00:42:41,240 To foster personalized nutrition, 751 00:42:41,240 --> 00:42:43,160 we must rethink the way we cook. 752 00:42:45,950 --> 00:42:49,150 The well-heeled may even have robot chefs, 753 00:42:49,150 --> 00:42:51,530 ready to whip up their favorite dishes, 754 00:42:53,910 --> 00:42:57,840 but the most promising tool is the 3D printer. 755 00:42:58,690 --> 00:43:01,880 In 2050, simple wheat pasta 756 00:43:01,880 --> 00:43:04,250 could be fine-tuned to our needs. 757 00:43:05,540 --> 00:43:09,860 Added micronutrients, interchangeable ingredients, 758 00:43:09,860 --> 00:43:12,120 new shapes and textures, 759 00:43:12,120 --> 00:43:15,670 everything made to order, just for us. 760 00:43:18,030 --> 00:43:20,830 (electronic music) 761 00:43:20,830 --> 00:43:23,670 In Los Angeles, a group of young artists, 762 00:43:23,670 --> 00:43:27,320 designers, chefs and musicians are rethinking 763 00:43:27,320 --> 00:43:29,700 the culinary experience. 764 00:43:29,700 --> 00:43:33,690 Together, they are harnessing virtual reality 765 00:43:33,690 --> 00:43:37,246 to dream up the most unlikely foodstuffs. 766 00:43:37,246 --> 00:43:40,470 (people laughing) 767 00:43:40,470 --> 00:43:44,160 In sushi, there's different quality grains of rice, right? 768 00:43:44,160 --> 00:43:46,850 So higher quality the rice is, 769 00:43:46,850 --> 00:43:50,480 the grain is much fuller and much more uniform 770 00:43:51,330 --> 00:43:52,240 and when you put it in your mouth, 771 00:43:52,240 --> 00:43:53,910 it definitely feels different, like, 772 00:43:53,910 --> 00:43:56,560 when you try to chew like a half grain rice, 773 00:43:56,560 --> 00:43:58,064 versus like the full grain rice. 774 00:43:58,064 --> 00:44:01,390 (electronic music) 775 00:44:01,390 --> 00:44:03,770 Project Nourished is lead by 776 00:44:03,770 --> 00:44:05,700 the artist Jinsoo An. 777 00:44:07,050 --> 00:44:09,780 I have soy and gluten sensitivities, 778 00:44:09,780 --> 00:44:11,640 so what that means is that 779 00:44:12,550 --> 00:44:14,180 I have skin issues as a result of eating 780 00:44:14,180 --> 00:44:17,540 certain kind of foods so I said to myself, 781 00:44:17,540 --> 00:44:20,590 like why am I not able to eat these foods, 782 00:44:21,750 --> 00:44:24,910 when I can easily access thousands of information 783 00:44:24,910 --> 00:44:27,150 on my phone, which is very advanced, 784 00:44:27,150 --> 00:44:30,220 but I felt like the food side of things 785 00:44:30,220 --> 00:44:33,750 hasn't really advanced or at least changed that much 786 00:44:33,750 --> 00:44:35,373 since the beginning of time. 787 00:44:35,373 --> 00:44:40,373 (curious music) (mechanical whirring) 788 00:44:42,930 --> 00:44:44,280 So how do we tackle that? 789 00:44:44,280 --> 00:44:46,660 Well, we can certainly 790 00:44:47,800 --> 00:44:50,250 trick our brain to imagine that we're 791 00:44:50,250 --> 00:44:52,640 eating something that we aren't 792 00:44:52,640 --> 00:44:56,180 so that these people with allergies and diabetes 793 00:44:56,180 --> 00:44:59,450 can eat whatever they choose to, 794 00:44:59,450 --> 00:45:01,890 but at the same time, they don't choose, 795 00:45:01,890 --> 00:45:05,030 they can choose not to take in the calories 796 00:45:05,030 --> 00:45:08,070 or deal with the negative consequences of it. 797 00:45:09,410 --> 00:45:11,330 The collective makes sushi 798 00:45:11,330 --> 00:45:15,200 in hydrocolloid gel, a tasteless foodstuff 799 00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:17,420 which can absorb micronutrients. 800 00:45:18,560 --> 00:45:21,610 Then they play with our senses, 801 00:45:21,610 --> 00:45:25,300 making our brains believe that this insipid cube 802 00:45:25,300 --> 00:45:26,960 is delicious sushi. 803 00:45:28,560 --> 00:45:31,630 The experiment plays with human perception, 804 00:45:31,630 --> 00:45:35,100 but it is first and foremost a work of art. 805 00:45:35,100 --> 00:45:37,410 A vision inspired by the movie Hook. 806 00:45:38,898 --> 00:45:41,481 Go suck on a dead dog's nose. 807 00:45:49,580 --> 00:45:51,353 You're doing it. 808 00:45:51,353 --> 00:45:52,460 Doing what? 809 00:45:52,460 --> 00:45:54,950 Using your imagination, Peter. 810 00:46:00,910 --> 00:46:02,930 It was all possible with imagination 811 00:46:02,930 --> 00:46:06,380 and we thought that was a really interesting 812 00:46:06,380 --> 00:46:11,380 way to perhaps recreate with technology 813 00:46:11,850 --> 00:46:15,990 and we asked ourselves, is this, could this be done somehow? 814 00:46:17,110 --> 00:46:19,590 The first thing that you'll be able to experience 815 00:46:19,590 --> 00:46:23,170 is obviously the vision, seeing the food in front of you. 816 00:46:23,170 --> 00:46:26,950 Food is quite different than what you're used to, 817 00:46:26,950 --> 00:46:29,840 so what it does is it cancels any previous memories 818 00:46:29,840 --> 00:46:32,850 of foods that you think you're about to eat 819 00:46:32,850 --> 00:46:37,350 and then you're given a headset, 820 00:46:37,350 --> 00:46:38,960 virtual reality headset, 821 00:46:38,960 --> 00:46:43,312 and you'll be transported to another dimension. 822 00:46:43,312 --> 00:46:47,279 [Computer Voiceover] You are now in a garden in New Kyoto, 823 00:46:47,279 --> 00:46:50,779 where the past and future live in harmony. 824 00:46:54,516 --> 00:46:57,330 Looks like the chef was expecting you. 825 00:46:58,270 --> 00:47:00,370 Before you begin the meal, 826 00:47:00,370 --> 00:47:03,660 you get to smell the food, the aroma, 827 00:47:03,660 --> 00:47:06,570 coming from the dish you're having. 828 00:47:06,570 --> 00:47:11,570 You're biting down and you get a sensation right away 829 00:47:15,550 --> 00:47:17,800 from the taste, but also the sound 830 00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:19,470 through the bone conduction 831 00:47:19,470 --> 00:47:24,070 and that is gonna be able to 832 00:47:24,070 --> 00:47:27,410 replicate the way that you normally chew 833 00:47:27,410 --> 00:47:30,880 and how the sound is transferred into your ears. 834 00:47:30,880 --> 00:47:35,210 All that information all get threaded into one experience 835 00:47:35,210 --> 00:47:38,880 and when that happens, that's when you 836 00:47:38,880 --> 00:47:42,180 have this moment of believing 837 00:47:42,180 --> 00:47:44,100 that you're eating something else. 838 00:47:45,560 --> 00:47:47,790 It really does taste like sushi, 839 00:47:47,790 --> 00:47:49,330 I was really impressed. 840 00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:55,520 It has the flavors and the textures very similar to sushi. 841 00:47:55,650 --> 00:47:59,230 When I saw it I thought it was gonna be more like candy 842 00:47:59,230 --> 00:48:04,160 or artificial tasting, but it really does taste natural 843 00:48:04,160 --> 00:48:07,700 and very similar to the experience. 844 00:48:07,700 --> 00:48:09,660 I believe that ideas inspired by Project Nourish 845 00:48:09,660 --> 00:48:12,380 will become part of the future of the food, 846 00:48:12,380 --> 00:48:15,360 not necessarily to replacement of existing food, 847 00:48:15,360 --> 00:48:19,110 but it will help us diversify our food systems 848 00:48:19,110 --> 00:48:22,570 so that we can consume and enjoy the foods 849 00:48:22,570 --> 00:48:27,250 that we want, but also be able to eat things that 850 00:48:27,250 --> 00:48:30,760 will be no longer available in the future. 851 00:48:30,760 --> 00:48:35,760 So in a way, we are proposing a way to 852 00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:39,240 preserve all types of food for the future 853 00:48:39,240 --> 00:48:41,400 generations to enjoy and taste, 854 00:48:41,400 --> 00:48:44,652 without having any kind of negative consequences. 855 00:48:44,652 --> 00:48:47,210 [Computer Voiceover] The future is here. 856 00:48:50,730 --> 00:48:52,920 Jinsoo's artistic vision 857 00:48:52,920 --> 00:48:56,440 makes us imagine a future of virtual food. 858 00:48:57,680 --> 00:49:00,490 Tomorrow, eating may no longer mean 859 00:49:00,490 --> 00:49:02,231 putting food in your mouth. 860 00:49:02,231 --> 00:49:05,231 (inquisitive music) 861 00:49:07,420 --> 00:49:08,610 What we're seeing is science fiction 862 00:49:08,610 --> 00:49:10,220 becoming science reality. 863 00:49:10,220 --> 00:49:12,440 If people can dream it, there's probably 864 00:49:12,440 --> 00:49:14,120 gonna be someone working on it. 865 00:49:14,120 --> 00:49:16,500 Do I personally wanna take a food pill? 866 00:49:16,500 --> 00:49:19,010 Probably not because I enjoy the experience 867 00:49:19,010 --> 00:49:20,550 of sitting down and eating. 868 00:49:22,660 --> 00:49:25,250 The pleasure of eating with others 869 00:49:25,250 --> 00:49:27,290 is still at the heart of our meal, 870 00:49:29,700 --> 00:49:33,920 but man has created a complex industrial system 871 00:49:33,920 --> 00:49:37,000 that separates him from his food. 872 00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:39,460 We are just beginning to realize this. 873 00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:42,330 (speaking foreign language) 874 00:49:42,330 --> 00:49:43,580 I think that man, 875 00:49:43,580 --> 00:49:46,810 when he reaches the end of his manipulations and excesses, 876 00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:49,820 surely has enough intelligence 877 00:49:49,820 --> 00:49:53,670 to eventually return to consuming, naturally, 878 00:49:53,670 --> 00:49:56,160 what he needs and not what is superfluous. 879 00:49:59,111 --> 00:50:00,710 And so when we think about the future 880 00:50:00,710 --> 00:50:02,160 maybe not being so bright, 881 00:50:02,160 --> 00:50:04,340 it's just a change of how we do things 882 00:50:04,340 --> 00:50:07,780 and how we value and place value on the things we eat. 883 00:50:09,210 --> 00:50:11,590 These visionaries are urging us 884 00:50:11,590 --> 00:50:14,210 to look forward with longing 885 00:50:14,210 --> 00:50:17,090 and look to the future with relish. 886 00:50:22,269 --> 00:50:25,186 (inspiring music)