1
00:00:06,682 --> 00:00:08,309
A city of light and shade,
2
00:00:08,768 --> 00:00:13,105
Paris always surprises
those who take the time to look.
3
00:00:17,568 --> 00:00:19,529
To journey through the capital's history
4
00:00:19,695 --> 00:00:22,698
is to search for the traces
of its age-old past.
5
00:00:22,865 --> 00:00:24,492
Grasping the essence of Paris
6
00:00:24,700 --> 00:00:28,120
involves finding the matrix of this city
through the ages...
7
00:00:28,579 --> 00:00:31,457
because Paris
has stood the test of time.
8
00:00:32,667 --> 00:00:35,294
From the Gaulish oppidum
and the Gallo-Roman civitas
9
00:00:35,503 --> 00:00:38,214
to the intellectual and religious center
of the Middle Ages,
10
00:00:38,923 --> 00:00:42,635
Paris grew into one of the most
important cities in the Western world.
11
00:00:43,177 --> 00:00:47,139
It acquired the attributes of
a powerful and monumental metropolis.
12
00:01:01,237 --> 00:01:03,614
From the pomp
of monarchical absolutism
13
00:01:03,781 --> 00:01:07,660
and the excesses of the Empire period
to the capital of modern revolutions,
14
00:01:08,244 --> 00:01:11,080
Paris has exerted an enormous influence
throughout the world.
15
00:01:11,789 --> 00:01:14,500
It has been
at the vanguard of change.
16
00:01:16,335 --> 00:01:16,919
Today,
17
00:01:17,211 --> 00:01:20,298
the capital
is seeking new challenges.
18
00:01:23,801 --> 00:01:27,471
In the year 508, Clovis made Paris
the seat of his kingdom.
19
00:01:28,389 --> 00:01:32,518
But how could this modest-sized town
be the capital of the Franks?
20
00:01:32,685 --> 00:01:35,605
We need to go back
to the origins of Paris.
21
00:01:54,498 --> 00:01:57,710
PARIS
A capital tale
22
00:02:16,771 --> 00:02:20,608
PARIS
Capital of change
23
00:02:22,401 --> 00:02:27,406
3000 BC
24
00:02:38,250 --> 00:02:42,088
In the Neolithic period,
the Seine, a river dotted with islands,
25
00:02:42,254 --> 00:02:44,966
flows through a marshy plain.
26
00:03:01,607 --> 00:03:03,985
Hunter-gatherer tribes
from Central Europe
27
00:03:04,151 --> 00:03:05,569
settle on its banks.
28
00:03:07,780 --> 00:03:09,323
Competition for food often leads
29
00:03:09,490 --> 00:03:11,158
to fierce fighting.
30
00:03:53,576 --> 00:03:56,203
In Prehistoric times,
the presence of the river
31
00:03:56,370 --> 00:03:58,748
offered favorable conditions
for human settlement.
32
00:04:01,292 --> 00:04:02,835
The Seine's banks and islands
33
00:04:03,002 --> 00:04:04,837
provided natural protection
34
00:04:05,004 --> 00:04:05,921
against invaders.
35
00:04:10,676 --> 00:04:12,136
In the 1990,
36
00:04:12,303 --> 00:04:16,724
archeological digs revealed
the remains of wooden structures.
37
00:04:16,974 --> 00:04:20,603
On the edge of a channel,
near the banks of the Seine at Bercy,
38
00:04:20,770 --> 00:04:22,897
the ground bore traces of buildings.
39
00:04:23,147 --> 00:04:26,108
Was this the site
of the first settlement in Paris?
40
00:04:29,695 --> 00:04:32,782
But the most remarkable find
was that of a number of dugouts,
41
00:04:32,948 --> 00:04:37,870
each hewn from a single oak log
and several thousand years old.
42
00:04:38,037 --> 00:04:40,206
Built for fishing
and transporting goods,
43
00:04:40,372 --> 00:04:44,251
these vessels are a sign
of an organized and ingenious society.
44
00:05:02,478 --> 00:05:07,358
With its ever-changing moods, riches
and unpredictable rises in water level
45
00:05:07,525 --> 00:05:10,277
the Seine is the city's lifeblood.
46
00:05:10,653 --> 00:05:13,280
The constant to and fro
of boats along the river
47
00:05:13,447 --> 00:05:16,367
provided a village
with supplies and protection.
48
00:05:17,409 --> 00:05:20,121
The Seine, where everything began...
49
00:05:35,261 --> 00:05:36,512
Researchers now ponder
50
00:05:36,679 --> 00:05:39,431
when these Celtic populations
first appeared.
51
00:05:40,391 --> 00:05:42,101
Here opinions differ.
52
00:05:42,268 --> 00:05:44,645
For some, they settled in 3000 BC,
53
00:05:44,645 --> 00:05:48,315
for others, it was as early as 6000 BC.
54
00:05:48,899 --> 00:05:50,901
The question
has yet to be answered.
55
00:05:51,068 --> 00:05:54,029
What is certain is that they had been
here for a very long time
56
00:05:54,196 --> 00:05:56,699
when Caesar
sent his legions to Lutetia.
57
00:05:56,866 --> 00:06:00,494
They had not been here for a few
decades, or even a few centuries,
58
00:06:00,661 --> 00:06:03,706
but for at least one thousand years.
59
00:06:05,583 --> 00:06:08,836
At the crossroads of the different
regions of Hirsute Gaul,
60
00:06:09,086 --> 00:06:13,757
named as much for its endless forests
as for its long-haired inhabitants,
61
00:06:13,966 --> 00:06:16,802
Lutetia occupied
a privileged position.
62
00:06:18,095 --> 00:06:20,431
Protected by the two arms of the Seine,
63
00:06:20,598 --> 00:06:23,767
was the He de la Cité
actually the birthplace of Paris?
64
00:06:24,351 --> 00:06:27,313
The lie de la Cité, which became
more important in medieval times,
65
00:06:27,479 --> 00:06:30,149
has often been cited
as the location of Lutetia.
66
00:06:30,316 --> 00:06:34,069
Why? Because Caesar mentioned
a town on an island in the Seine,
67
00:06:34,236 --> 00:06:36,488
and it has always
appeared as the largest.
68
00:06:36,655 --> 00:06:41,118
In fact, the configuration
of the river in ancient times,
69
00:06:41,285 --> 00:06:42,995
was not the same as it is today.
70
00:06:43,162 --> 00:06:45,331
It was far more changeable,
with secondary arms
71
00:06:45,497 --> 00:06:48,834
around pieces of land
of varying sizes.
72
00:06:49,001 --> 00:06:51,086
There were others,
on the site of Paris itself,
73
00:06:51,253 --> 00:06:54,965
on the right bank of the Seine,
in the district of Rivoli-St Martin,
74
00:06:55,132 --> 00:06:57,509
where there are traces
of an ancient Gaulish settlement.
75
00:06:58,052 --> 00:07:00,804
Archeological remains
found on the He de la Cité,
76
00:07:00,971 --> 00:07:04,141
for now at least, are not sufficiently
convincing or numerous enough
77
00:07:04,308 --> 00:07:08,312
for us to say that it was the location
of a great capital of the sort
78
00:07:08,479 --> 00:07:13,400
founded elsewhere in France by tribes
such as the Arvenii and the Aedui.
79
00:07:19,907 --> 00:07:23,202
No convincing archeological
or historical traces
80
00:07:23,369 --> 00:07:27,414
have revealed an urban presence
on the lie de la Cité.
81
00:07:30,209 --> 00:07:33,712
The absence of remains
arouses curiosity.
82
00:07:33,879 --> 00:07:38,717
What if the Lutetia
of pre-Roman Gaul never existed?
83
00:07:42,054 --> 00:07:43,889
The Lutetia of pre-Roman Gaul
84
00:07:44,056 --> 00:07:44,848
is not a myth.
85
00:07:45,015 --> 00:07:49,395
Caesar mentioned it by name
in 53 BC and again in 52 BC.
86
00:07:49,561 --> 00:07:53,983
The problem we face today is locating
this capital beneath a vast city center
87
00:07:54,149 --> 00:07:56,277
that has had a long history,
grown over the centuries,
88
00:07:56,443 --> 00:07:59,113
and which, as a result,
is like a kind of palimpsest.
89
00:07:59,280 --> 00:08:03,409
That's to say, there is a succession
of layers, firstly of alluvial deposits
90
00:08:03,575 --> 00:08:08,080
then of buildings from the Roman era,
Middle Ages, modern times,
91
00:08:08,247 --> 00:08:12,835
under which it is very difficult to find
the traces, the signs of this Lutetia.
92
00:08:13,002 --> 00:08:15,838
They exist but they are faint
and very scattered.
93
00:08:18,799 --> 00:08:23,762
It was Jules Caesar who first
mentioned the Lutetia of the Parisii:
94
00:08:23,971 --> 00:08:27,933
river traders who lived in
a fortified settlement near the Seine.
95
00:08:29,226 --> 00:08:31,103
Set between
the hills and the plains,
96
00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:35,316
it was the ideal location for a military
observation post, an oppidum,
97
00:08:35,482 --> 00:08:37,901
from which to control the Seine.
98
00:08:39,903 --> 00:08:41,613
During Caesar's campaigns,
99
00:08:41,822 --> 00:08:45,826
the river remained a strategically
important transport route.
100
00:08:46,869 --> 00:08:48,287
When the Roman troops arrived,
101
00:08:48,454 --> 00:08:52,207
the Parisii's city was a regional market
town with a large sanctuary.
102
00:08:54,501 --> 00:08:57,629
In this holy place,
the Gaulish chiefs held feasts
103
00:08:57,796 --> 00:09:00,799
and sacrificed animals
in the name of their gods.
104
00:09:04,970 --> 00:09:08,265
This stronghold was inhabited
by formidable traders
105
00:09:08,432 --> 00:09:11,810
who even minted their own money:
the stater.
106
00:09:27,159 --> 00:09:31,306
Three of these Parisii
staters were found
107
00:09:31,332 --> 00:09:35,551
during road works on
the Boulevard Raspail
108
00:09:35,576 --> 00:09:37,576
between 1910 and 1912.
109
00:09:46,422 --> 00:09:54,653
It's an expression of the wealth
and power of the Parisii,
110
00:09:54,853 --> 00:10:00,359
which shows how important
this tribe was in the first century BC,
111
00:10:01,318 --> 00:10:03,654
at the time of Caesar's conquest.
112
00:10:05,656 --> 00:10:07,699
It also represents
the economic power
113
00:10:07,866 --> 00:10:09,785
of this population.
114
00:10:11,578 --> 00:10:14,331
Was Lutetia already a capital?
115
00:10:16,291 --> 00:10:18,836
The Parisii along this section
of the Seine
116
00:10:19,002 --> 00:10:21,463
did not constitute one
of the largest cities of Gaul
117
00:10:21,630 --> 00:10:24,675
that took on Caesar
from 58 BC onwards.
118
00:10:24,842 --> 00:10:27,428
It was a medium-sized city,
even a small city,
119
00:10:27,678 --> 00:10:29,054
but it was still able, for instance,
120
00:10:29,221 --> 00:10:31,098
to supply a contingent of 8000 men
121
00:10:31,265 --> 00:10:33,851
at the time
of Vercingetorix's rebellion.
122
00:10:34,017 --> 00:10:38,522
And it is thought the population
numbered several tens of thousands.
123
00:10:38,689 --> 00:10:41,233
It is very difficult now
to estimate the actual number,
124
00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:45,571
but it was a large territory
with settlements in different areas,
125
00:10:45,737 --> 00:10:49,241
not just in Paris
but also in Nanterre, Bobigny,
126
00:10:49,408 --> 00:10:51,243
Roissy and Cheesy.
127
00:10:52,286 --> 00:10:55,622
So there was a whole network
of settlements on this territory
128
00:10:55,789 --> 00:11:00,419
which, because it was not very wide,
seems to have been densely populated.
129
00:11:01,336 --> 00:11:05,048
As for Lutetia, it was mentioned
at the time of the Battle of Lutetia,
130
00:11:05,215 --> 00:11:09,261
at the time of the city's destruction,
because there was a great fire,
131
00:11:09,428 --> 00:11:13,682
and when this Gaulish town
gave way to a small Roman capital.
132
00:11:19,521 --> 00:11:24,026
52 BC
133
00:11:25,068 --> 00:11:26,945
Intent on conquering Gaul,
134
00:11:27,112 --> 00:11:31,325
Julius Caesar has his work
cut out for him with Vercingetorix.
135
00:11:31,492 --> 00:11:35,454
The Roman emperor
asks Titus Labienus to fight Lutetia.
136
00:11:37,122 --> 00:11:39,500
Facing him, the old chief Camulogene
137
00:11:39,666 --> 00:11:42,628
leads the fierce resistance
of the Parisii.
138
00:11:43,003 --> 00:11:47,674
Taken from the rear, the Lutetians
burn their city to the ground.
139
00:11:47,841 --> 00:11:50,802
In October 52 BC, in Alesia,
140
00:11:50,969 --> 00:11:55,015
Vercingetorix lays down his arms
before Caesar.
141
00:11:55,349 --> 00:11:57,643
Gaul submits to Roman rule.
142
00:11:57,851 --> 00:12:00,187
What happens to Lutetia?
143
00:12:01,146 --> 00:12:02,981
The question is did Labienus,
144
00:12:03,148 --> 00:12:06,693
when he defeated this coalition
of tribes led by the Parisii,
145
00:12:06,860 --> 00:12:09,696
leave a contingent there
to guard the city?
146
00:12:09,863 --> 00:12:12,824
Or was the city emptied
of its inhabitants?
147
00:12:14,701 --> 00:12:17,496
Finds made in the Mount St Genevieve
Luxembourg Gardens sector
148
00:12:17,663 --> 00:12:20,499
lead us to suppose
that this area corresponds exactly
149
00:12:20,666 --> 00:12:25,879
to the location of one or indeed
several, of Labenius's camps.
150
00:12:26,838 --> 00:12:28,966
This military camp
of Labenius was the embryo,
151
00:12:29,132 --> 00:12:33,595
the nucleus from which
the Gallo-Roman city of Lutetia grew.
152
00:12:37,808 --> 00:12:40,852
Although the whole of Gaul
was now under Roman rule,
153
00:12:41,019 --> 00:12:44,022
Lutetia was not a capital city.
154
00:12:45,315 --> 00:12:47,025
Compared
with the great provincial capitals
155
00:12:47,234 --> 00:12:49,653
such as Rheims and Lugdunum,
156
00:12:49,820 --> 00:12:52,030
Lutetia was only
an administrative center.
157
00:12:52,197 --> 00:12:56,618
It was absolutely not a capital
at this time. That would come later.
158
00:12:56,785 --> 00:13:00,372
For the simple reason that, from
a strategic, geostrategic point of view,
159
00:13:00,539 --> 00:13:03,625
Lutetia was not in the center
of the territory that was Gaul.
160
00:13:03,792 --> 00:13:06,378
Lyons was in much a better position,
161
00:13:06,545 --> 00:13:09,172
a day's horse ride
from the four provinces.
162
00:13:14,845 --> 00:13:18,473
Following the destruction
of the oppidum, in 52 BC,
163
00:13:18,640 --> 00:13:22,227
a long period of trouble
ensues in the Roman Empire.
164
00:13:22,603 --> 00:13:25,063
Some Gaulish aristocrats
are even enlisted
165
00:13:25,230 --> 00:13:28,734
as cavalrymen by Octavius,
the new Caesar.
166
00:13:28,900 --> 00:13:30,277
With the return of peace,
167
00:13:30,444 --> 00:13:33,572
Gaul has to be organized
under Rome's authority.
168
00:13:33,739 --> 00:13:37,492
In 5 AD,
these Romanized Gauls return home.
169
00:13:48,211 --> 00:13:52,132
Brother! It's been so long
since I've seen your face.
170
00:14:00,641 --> 00:14:02,184
Getting my military certificate.
171
00:14:02,351 --> 00:14:06,271
Auxiliary Julius. Galiacus Cohort.
Third Legion.
172
00:14:07,648 --> 00:14:09,191
I served in the wars
173
00:14:09,358 --> 00:14:10,984
and even beheaded men in Rome.
174
00:14:11,151 --> 00:14:13,320
All in the name of Caesar.
175
00:14:13,487 --> 00:14:15,906
Rome'? What is it like?
176
00:14:16,198 --> 00:14:18,200
I'll describe the arena.
177
00:14:20,243 --> 00:14:23,163
Imagine a man with black skin,
178
00:14:23,330 --> 00:14:25,957
chained in the center of the arena.
179
00:14:26,792 --> 00:14:29,127
A small blade his only weapon.
180
00:14:29,294 --> 00:14:33,507
And then, they send in
an enraged elephant.
181
00:14:35,676 --> 00:14:38,136
Always the same sad outcome:
182
00:14:38,637 --> 00:14:40,722
the elephant crushes him.
183
00:14:41,848 --> 00:14:43,183
What's the point?
184
00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:44,810
To entertain people.
185
00:14:45,977 --> 00:14:49,314
I've heard that the arena
can hold 50,000 Romans.
186
00:14:49,481 --> 00:14:51,316
50,000'?
187
00:14:51,483 --> 00:14:53,110
This oppidum has barely...
188
00:14:53,276 --> 00:14:55,445
There's also a Via Maximus,
189
00:14:55,612 --> 00:14:57,864
a road where you walk on stones.
190
00:14:59,032 --> 00:15:01,910
We could have a Via Maximus
191
00:15:02,077 --> 00:15:03,328
that reaches from here to the Forum.
192
00:15:03,704 --> 00:15:05,205
The Forum?
193
00:15:05,372 --> 00:15:07,791
The Forum Magnum.
It has everything:
194
00:15:07,999 --> 00:15:09,835
food to eat, animals to buy,
195
00:15:10,001 --> 00:15:12,337
schools for him, the Temple of Mars.
196
00:15:12,504 --> 00:15:15,006
And drink.
They have taverns where you drink.
197
00:15:15,173 --> 00:15:18,385
Your Forum is like our entire
village covered with a roof.
198
00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:19,636
Julius,
199
00:15:19,803 --> 00:15:23,682
we live in the middle of nowhere.
Wouldn't you rather live in Rome'?
200
00:15:24,307 --> 00:15:25,934
If I come back to Lutetia,
201
00:15:26,101 --> 00:15:28,186
it is to do business for the Romans.
202
00:15:28,353 --> 00:15:30,647
What would you have us sell to them?
203
00:15:31,148 --> 00:15:33,066
Your barley beer, your pottery?
204
00:15:33,567 --> 00:15:35,193
Fabrics?
205
00:15:35,444 --> 00:15:38,822
Using the river, we could deliver
to Lugdunum. And from there,
206
00:15:38,989 --> 00:15:39,823
Rome.
207
00:15:39,990 --> 00:15:42,451
And use the profits
to build thermal baths.
208
00:15:42,617 --> 00:15:44,327
What's that? Thermal baths?
209
00:15:44,536 --> 00:15:47,038
Baths with warm water
from the ground.
210
00:15:47,205 --> 00:15:50,167
Once we build them,
people will be able to wash
211
00:15:50,876 --> 00:15:52,335
once a month.
212
00:15:55,881 --> 00:15:57,215
Every regional capital in Gaul,
213
00:15:57,424 --> 00:16:00,677
but also elsewhere in the Roman Empire,
was based on the same model,
214
00:16:00,844 --> 00:16:04,389
like a miniature reproduction
of the city of Rome
215
00:16:04,556 --> 00:16:06,475
and its political system.
216
00:16:09,478 --> 00:16:13,523
In the first century AD,
the face of Lutetia changes:
217
00:16:13,690 --> 00:16:16,651
Gaulish houses
are replaced by Roman buildings.
218
00:16:16,818 --> 00:16:19,738
The architects design the city
to match its status
219
00:16:19,905 --> 00:16:22,240
as the administrative center
of the Parisii.
220
00:16:22,407 --> 00:16:24,785
The Cardo Maximus, the main artery,
221
00:16:24,951 --> 00:16:28,163
runs through the center of the city
from north to south.
222
00:16:28,330 --> 00:16:30,457
The left bank
becomes the city's hub.
223
00:16:33,585 --> 00:16:36,004
Lutetia was planned around
a main axis
224
00:16:36,004 --> 00:16:39,711
This street was probably a
225
00:16:39,737 --> 00:16:43,870
Gaulish roadway originally.
226
00:16:44,012 --> 00:16:46,223
From the summit
of Mount St Genevieve,
227
00:16:46,389 --> 00:16:50,769
located around 172-174 Rue St Jacques,
228
00:16:50,936 --> 00:16:53,271
a road was built down to the Seine.
229
00:16:54,564 --> 00:16:56,942
This was this first axis.
230
00:16:57,108 --> 00:16:58,610
The central part of the city
231
00:16:58,777 --> 00:17:02,447
was planned on a grid system
around this axis.
232
00:17:04,241 --> 00:17:05,116
On the left bank,
233
00:17:05,283 --> 00:17:07,953
the city was based
on the Roman model.
234
00:17:08,620 --> 00:17:10,914
Perpendicular to the first axis,
235
00:17:11,081 --> 00:17:15,710
Lutetia's main arteries
followed an orthogonal pattern.
236
00:17:16,962 --> 00:17:18,129
The city was developed
237
00:17:18,296 --> 00:17:21,341
around a grid system
with blocks of housing:
238
00:17:21,508 --> 00:17:24,177
the ancient districts of Paris.
239
00:17:26,012 --> 00:17:28,265
All of the city's
monumental architecture
240
00:17:28,431 --> 00:17:30,851
was built around
the north-south axis,
241
00:17:31,101 --> 00:17:32,310
where the Rue St Jacques,
242
00:17:32,477 --> 00:17:36,147
the Rue de la Cité
and the Rue St Martin now lie.
243
00:17:41,319 --> 00:17:42,863
Monuments were also erected
244
00:17:43,113 --> 00:17:45,824
at the different main intersections.
245
00:17:45,991 --> 00:17:49,077
As in every Roman city,
Lutetia had its Forum
246
00:17:49,077 --> 00:17:50,579
and buildings devoted to
247
00:17:50,605 --> 00:17:52,856
entertainment,
such as a theater,
248
00:17:52,998 --> 00:17:54,082
an amphitheater...
249
00:17:55,250 --> 00:17:56,877
And an arena!
250
00:17:57,460 --> 00:17:59,129
As was the Roman custom,
251
00:17:59,296 --> 00:18:01,840
they were located
outside the center of Lutetia
252
00:18:02,007 --> 00:18:04,843
because human blood
was spilled there.
253
00:18:07,804 --> 00:18:11,349
This arena contributed
to the city's cultural vitality.
254
00:18:11,850 --> 00:18:13,852
Almost 18,000 people would come
255
00:18:14,019 --> 00:18:17,564
from all over the area
to watch the shows in Lutetia.
256
00:18:18,023 --> 00:18:22,611
The structure was one of the largest
amphitheaters in Gaul at the time.
257
00:18:26,114 --> 00:18:29,659
An imposing wall
marked the location of the stage.
258
00:18:29,826 --> 00:18:34,039
Its monumental facade was decorated
with statues of emperors and divinities
259
00:18:34,205 --> 00:18:37,584
like so many witnesses
to the staging of the city.
260
00:18:44,424 --> 00:18:46,134
Both a circus and a theater,
261
00:18:46,301 --> 00:18:48,428
the most extraordinary shows
were put on here
262
00:18:48,595 --> 00:18:51,306
much to the delight
of the Lutetians.
263
00:18:51,473 --> 00:18:53,266
Great plays sung in Latin,
264
00:18:53,433 --> 00:18:56,519
dance and acrobatic numbers
and most importantly,
265
00:18:56,937 --> 00:18:59,648
gladiator fights
and wild animal fights,
266
00:18:59,814 --> 00:19:03,109
trophies from the Roman
conquest of Africa and the Orient.
267
00:19:17,415 --> 00:19:20,919
By offering bread and games
to the populations under their rule,
268
00:19:21,086 --> 00:19:25,048
the Romans entertained their subjects
and secured their loyalty.
269
00:19:25,966 --> 00:19:28,176
On the top of
Mount St Genevieve,
270
00:19:28,343 --> 00:19:30,345
one monument in particular
symbolized
271
00:19:30,512 --> 00:19:32,806
the power and grandeur of this city:
272
00:19:32,973 --> 00:19:34,808
the Forum.
273
00:19:45,694 --> 00:19:49,197
The Forum was the city's political
and administrative center.
274
00:19:49,364 --> 00:19:52,075
Commercial transactions
took place there.
275
00:19:52,242 --> 00:19:54,953
But it was also
a very ostentatious way
276
00:19:55,120 --> 00:19:56,830
of demonstrating Rome's power,
277
00:19:56,997 --> 00:20:02,335
of showing that Gaul had become part
of a new political and religious order.
278
00:20:02,502 --> 00:20:04,212
The gods were Roman now.
279
00:20:04,379 --> 00:20:06,673
Administration was now
in the hands of Rome,
280
00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:09,217
of the provincial governor.
281
00:20:09,384 --> 00:20:12,053
So this was where this radical change
in order
282
00:20:12,220 --> 00:20:16,683
was demonstrated in a spectacular,
monumental manner.
283
00:20:20,812 --> 00:20:23,565
Together with the Temple of Augustus
and the basilica,
284
00:20:23,732 --> 00:20:25,191
from where the city was managed,
285
00:20:25,358 --> 00:20:28,862
the Forum was Lutetia's
political and religious heart.
286
00:20:29,029 --> 00:20:31,322
The citizens would meet here
to hold ceremonies,
287
00:20:31,489 --> 00:20:34,743
discuss their business
and the affairs of the city.
288
00:20:37,954 --> 00:20:40,582
Colonnaded shopping galleries ran along
289
00:20:40,749 --> 00:20:41,791
the outside wall.
290
00:20:43,043 --> 00:20:44,461
In the shops and taverns,
291
00:20:44,627 --> 00:20:46,588
the Lutetians
did their daily shopping,
292
00:20:46,755 --> 00:20:48,256
drank wine and barley beer
293
00:20:48,423 --> 00:20:50,175
or simply strolled.
294
00:20:51,801 --> 00:20:55,055
Roman and Gaulish citizens mixed.
This was the start
295
00:20:55,221 --> 00:20:57,599
of the Parisians' fascination
with Rome,
296
00:20:57,766 --> 00:20:59,350
its grandeur and its empire,
297
00:20:59,517 --> 00:21:02,854
which has never ceased
to shape the city's history.
298
00:21:04,064 --> 00:21:06,775
The Romans did not try
to impose their pantheon
299
00:21:06,941 --> 00:21:10,361
but, in a sense, they offered it.
300
00:21:10,528 --> 00:21:13,656
And they were quite open
to the deities the Gauls offered.
301
00:21:13,823 --> 00:21:15,992
So there was
this sort of constant exchange
302
00:21:16,159 --> 00:21:20,455
that resulted in composite gods
with mixed origins.
303
00:21:23,374 --> 00:21:25,460
This religious syncretism is evident
304
00:21:25,627 --> 00:21:27,587
in works such as
The Three-headed Mercury
305
00:21:27,754 --> 00:21:29,714
or The Stele of Mercury.
306
00:21:30,465 --> 00:21:34,677
These representations
have Gaulish and Roman attributes.
307
00:21:43,895 --> 00:21:45,772
Among the few remains of Lutetia
308
00:21:45,939 --> 00:21:48,441
found buried
beneath the streets of Paris,
309
00:21:48,608 --> 00:21:52,028
these stone blocks embody
this mixing of religion and culture:
310
00:21:52,195 --> 00:21:54,739
the Pillar of Nautes.
311
00:21:58,618 --> 00:22:01,746
In fact, what you see here
are fragments of the pillar.
312
00:22:01,913 --> 00:22:02,956
We do not know exactly
313
00:22:03,123 --> 00:22:05,917
how these different parts fit together.
314
00:22:06,084 --> 00:22:09,963
But they enable us to imagine that
it was a vertical, very tall monument,
315
00:22:09,964 --> 00:22:12,759
which was quite exceptional
in several respects.
316
00:22:12,759 --> 00:22:15,760
First of all, we know by whom
and when it was built.
317
00:22:15,927 --> 00:22:18,805
The corporation of Nautes,
the river boatmen,
318
00:22:18,972 --> 00:22:21,349
dedicated it
during the reign of Tiberius.
319
00:22:23,768 --> 00:22:26,604
This indication means
it can be dated precisely.
320
00:22:26,771 --> 00:22:29,566
The pillar was made
in the first century AD.
321
00:22:29,732 --> 00:22:32,402
The representations
are of a religious nature,
322
00:22:32,569 --> 00:22:35,947
with deities from both the Roman
and the Gaulish pantheons.
323
00:22:36,114 --> 00:22:38,575
The inscription
dedicated to Emperor Tiberius
324
00:22:38,741 --> 00:22:40,118
is like an ancient Rosetta stone.
325
00:22:40,326 --> 00:22:42,453
There are few written traces
from this period.
326
00:22:42,620 --> 00:22:45,081
So this dedication constitutes
the birth certificate
327
00:22:45,248 --> 00:22:47,542
of Gallo-Roman Lutetia.
328
00:22:48,626 --> 00:22:51,754
You had to have
this coexistence of two cultures.
329
00:22:51,921 --> 00:22:54,757
That is why this monument
is also a sign for us.
330
00:22:54,924 --> 00:22:59,721
Because it's evidence, in stone,
of what is known as syncretism,
331
00:22:59,888 --> 00:23:02,891
which is the absorption
of one culture by another culture.
332
00:23:03,057 --> 00:23:06,102
That's also where the talent
of Roman culture lay.
333
00:23:06,269 --> 00:23:08,730
It adopted and accepted
pre-existing cultures
334
00:23:08,897 --> 00:23:11,107
to get its own culture accepted.
335
00:23:11,274 --> 00:23:12,567
It symbolizes Lutetia.
336
00:23:16,446 --> 00:23:19,824
The Lutetia of the first centuries AD
was a prosperous city
337
00:23:19,991 --> 00:23:23,661
where new traditions
merged with Gaulish customs.
338
00:23:25,288 --> 00:23:28,833
The Parisii's territory
was a key commercial hub.
339
00:23:29,667 --> 00:23:32,754
The population lived
thanks to the river and its riches.
340
00:23:35,298 --> 00:23:38,218
The Nautes, or watermen,
who controlled river trade,
341
00:23:38,384 --> 00:23:41,804
constituted one
of the first municipal elites.
342
00:23:51,189 --> 00:23:53,858
The Nautes played a decisive role.
343
00:23:54,025 --> 00:23:56,569
It was one of the most
powerful guilds at the time,
344
00:23:56,736 --> 00:23:59,447
and control of river trade
not only brought them wealth
345
00:23:59,614 --> 00:24:01,115
but also political power.
346
00:24:01,616 --> 00:24:03,243
It is thought today
that this local elite
347
00:24:03,409 --> 00:24:08,248
took advantage of Romanization
to become even more powerful.
348
00:24:13,711 --> 00:24:16,547
Gallo-Roman civilization emerged.
349
00:24:16,714 --> 00:24:19,050
And the city
was the founding element.
350
00:24:20,468 --> 00:24:23,554
Romanization
occurred through urbanization,
351
00:24:23,721 --> 00:24:25,848
and it was through the city
that the Romans
352
00:24:26,015 --> 00:24:30,061
would control the Empire,
control the provinces.
353
00:24:30,395 --> 00:24:32,522
So the imperial power provided
354
00:24:32,689 --> 00:24:36,150
the towns and cities,
their inhabitants, the local elites
355
00:24:36,317 --> 00:24:39,404
with the pleasures
of the Roman lifestyle.
356
00:24:40,697 --> 00:24:43,366
That's to say,
shows, interior decoration,
357
00:24:43,533 --> 00:24:46,577
the comfort
of a well-organized life.
358
00:24:46,744 --> 00:24:48,997
It was also a way
for those in power to ensure
359
00:24:49,163 --> 00:24:50,581
these elites were peaceful
360
00:24:50,748 --> 00:24:53,668
and would adhere
to the empire's values.
361
00:25:00,425 --> 00:25:01,467
The Romans' way of life
362
00:25:01,634 --> 00:25:04,679
was readily adopted
by the inhabitants of Lutetia.
363
00:25:04,846 --> 00:25:08,016
The custom of bathing was one
of its many appealing aspects.
364
00:25:08,182 --> 00:25:10,310
Several establishments
were at their disposal,
365
00:25:10,476 --> 00:25:12,937
including the Northern Baths.
366
00:25:13,980 --> 00:25:17,942
In Roman daily life,
bathing was extremely important.
367
00:25:18,109 --> 00:25:20,570
It was something
that people took time over.
368
00:25:20,737 --> 00:25:23,364
It was more
than just a question of hygiene.
369
00:25:23,531 --> 00:25:27,035
It was about body care,
meeting others for pleasure
370
00:25:27,201 --> 00:25:30,121
and probably
for professional reasons as well.
371
00:25:30,288 --> 00:25:32,457
It was a normal part of daily life.
372
00:25:32,623 --> 00:25:35,710
That's why the baths
were so majestic and large.
373
00:25:35,877 --> 00:25:37,920
A lot of money was spent on them,
374
00:25:38,087 --> 00:25:40,173
a mixture
of public and private money,
375
00:25:40,340 --> 00:25:43,926
to show how majestic Rome
and the Roman model were
376
00:25:44,093 --> 00:25:46,471
and also to enable
as many people as possible
377
00:25:46,637 --> 00:25:48,681
to gather, at the same time,
378
00:25:48,848 --> 00:25:51,267
in these large spaces.
379
00:25:54,145 --> 00:25:57,106
Known as the Thermes de Cluny,
the baths in the north of the city
380
00:25:57,273 --> 00:26:01,235
were built in the late 1st century
or early 2nd century.
381
00:26:01,402 --> 00:26:03,196
On the corner
of the Boulevard St-Germain
382
00:26:03,363 --> 00:26:04,864
and the Boulevard St-Michel,
383
00:26:05,031 --> 00:26:08,785
these baths were one
of the largest bath complexes in Gaul.
384
00:26:11,788 --> 00:26:13,706
This establishment
had covered spaces
385
00:26:13,873 --> 00:26:15,708
and open courtyards.
386
00:26:15,875 --> 00:26:18,086
Clients worked their way
through the building
387
00:26:18,252 --> 00:26:19,670
from north to south.
388
00:26:23,341 --> 00:26:26,886
They accessed the palestrum,
where they did physical exercise,
389
00:26:27,053 --> 00:26:29,514
via a colonnaded gallery.
390
00:26:31,015 --> 00:26:35,728
Then they visited the cold water,
warm water and hot water rooms.
391
00:26:42,193 --> 00:26:44,821
The frigidarium,
or cold water room,
392
00:26:44,987 --> 00:26:47,115
is one of the few remaining
monumental remains
393
00:26:47,281 --> 00:26:49,367
of Gallo-Roman baths.
394
00:26:54,914 --> 00:26:56,582
As soon as you enter this room,
395
00:26:56,749 --> 00:26:58,876
the frigidarium
of the northern baths,
396
00:26:59,043 --> 00:27:00,545
you automatically look up
397
00:27:00,711 --> 00:27:02,380
because the first thing
that grabs you
398
00:27:02,547 --> 00:27:05,007
is its majestic, magnificent height.
399
00:27:05,174 --> 00:27:08,094
It is 15 meters high at its apex.
400
00:27:08,261 --> 00:27:11,848
Then there is this impression
of a grandiose yet intimate space.
401
00:27:12,014 --> 00:27:14,100
This feeling of intimacy
is probably also due
402
00:27:14,267 --> 00:27:16,436
to the room's faint pinkish color.
403
00:27:16,602 --> 00:27:18,729
You have the pink of the plaster
404
00:27:18,896 --> 00:27:23,443
but also of the brickwork
of this wall facing, or opus mixtum,
405
00:27:23,609 --> 00:27:26,404
a characteristic feature
of Roman architecture,
406
00:27:26,571 --> 00:27:29,115
with its alternate courses
of terracotta bricks
407
00:27:29,282 --> 00:27:32,326
and limestone rubble,
hence the name.
408
00:27:34,579 --> 00:27:35,621
In the frigidarium,
409
00:27:35,788 --> 00:27:40,460
traces of pigments are a reminder
of the glory days of Antiquity.
410
00:27:40,710 --> 00:27:42,253
A period when
the inside of this building
411
00:27:42,420 --> 00:27:44,755
was painted and decorated...
412
00:27:59,770 --> 00:28:03,524
These consoles in the shape
of ships' prows laden with arms
413
00:28:03,691 --> 00:28:06,944
embody the power
of the boatmen of Lutetia.
414
00:28:07,111 --> 00:28:08,196
But for some historians,
415
00:28:08,362 --> 00:28:11,616
they are the symbol
of the Roman Empire on the seas.
416
00:28:19,874 --> 00:28:23,294
This boat on the ocean waves
is still the emblem of Paris.
417
00:28:23,461 --> 00:28:28,466
Its motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur.
"It floats but does not sink."
418
00:28:28,633 --> 00:28:30,885
reminds us that
"Water makes the city",
419
00:28:31,052 --> 00:28:33,554
as the Roman author Pliny said.
420
00:28:36,807 --> 00:28:40,144
You cannot have thermal baths
without a water-supply system
421
00:28:40,311 --> 00:28:42,647
because water is one
of the most important elements
422
00:28:42,813 --> 00:28:45,525
in the running of baths,
together with heating,
423
00:28:45,691 --> 00:28:48,194
which is where they get their name.
424
00:28:48,361 --> 00:28:50,821
These water-supply systems
are very easy to spot,
425
00:28:50,988 --> 00:28:54,408
particularly in the basement
of the northern baths.
426
00:28:54,575 --> 00:28:57,578
And we also have
two very visible sewer systems.
427
00:28:57,745 --> 00:28:59,288
This ancient sewer system
428
00:28:59,455 --> 00:29:02,667
is typical of a city
that had an extensive water network.
429
00:29:02,833 --> 00:29:06,087
It wasn't simply a question
of supplying the baths with water,
430
00:29:06,254 --> 00:29:07,964
there were public fountains too.
431
00:29:08,130 --> 00:29:10,383
So we know all
about this water-supply system.
432
00:29:10,550 --> 00:29:13,094
The drains are still visible
in the frigidarium
433
00:29:13,261 --> 00:29:15,221
and, in the basement,
we have a sewer system
434
00:29:15,388 --> 00:29:17,682
that is very spectacular.
435
00:29:24,647 --> 00:29:26,440
A 20km-long aqueduct
436
00:29:26,607 --> 00:29:30,570
ran from the Val de Rungis
to the south of the city.
437
00:29:32,738 --> 00:29:36,576
This monumental structure gave Lutetia
a constant supply of water.
438
00:29:38,202 --> 00:29:40,454
This natural resource
was essential to the daily,
439
00:29:40,621 --> 00:29:43,708
commercial
and political life of the city.
440
00:29:55,636 --> 00:29:57,888
In the Archeological
Reserves of Paris,
441
00:29:58,055 --> 00:30:02,518
remains of this aqueduct
attest to the skill of Roman engineers.
442
00:30:03,185 --> 00:30:06,105
With the baths, public fountains
and numerous wells,
443
00:30:06,272 --> 00:30:08,524
water now sprang out
everywhere in Lutetia
444
00:30:09,066 --> 00:30:11,360
as it did
in all Roman cities and towns.
445
00:30:13,904 --> 00:30:16,240
What we call the Roman way of life
446
00:30:16,407 --> 00:30:20,453
could also be seen
in other aspects of daily life.
447
00:30:20,620 --> 00:30:22,580
Things such as hairstyling,
448
00:30:22,747 --> 00:30:25,207
which have been preserved in images.
449
00:30:25,374 --> 00:30:28,044
People wore
their hair in the Roman style.
450
00:30:28,210 --> 00:30:30,004
This fashion for the Roman look
451
00:30:30,171 --> 00:30:31,464
is one of the expressions
452
00:30:31,631 --> 00:30:35,676
that echoes what we say
about the question of architecture,
453
00:30:35,843 --> 00:30:41,265
about this way of marking a territory
with the Roman model.
454
00:30:42,475 --> 00:30:44,101
By the second century AD,
455
00:30:44,268 --> 00:30:46,228
the Gaulish populations
living in Lutetia
456
00:30:46,395 --> 00:30:48,981
were only Gaulish by name.
They were citizens
457
00:30:49,148 --> 00:30:50,816
of the Roman Empire.
458
00:30:52,068 --> 00:30:53,277
During the pax romana,
459
00:30:53,444 --> 00:30:57,615
or Roman peace,
Lutetia underwent rapid change.
460
00:30:57,990 --> 00:30:59,408
In just two centuries,
461
00:30:59,575 --> 00:31:03,788
the town turned into a majestic city
worthy of the Roman Empire.
462
00:31:03,954 --> 00:31:04,789
But it was still denied
463
00:31:04,955 --> 00:31:07,458
the status of the capital of Gaul.
464
00:31:11,921 --> 00:31:14,131
Today, the few
remaining ancient monuments
465
00:31:14,298 --> 00:31:16,717
have been absorbed
by the city's growth.
466
00:31:17,968 --> 00:31:19,720
Thanks to archeological excavations,
467
00:31:20,179 --> 00:31:22,556
major remains have reappeared.
468
00:31:23,307 --> 00:31:27,728
The arena was discovered
by Theodore Vaoquer, in 1869,
469
00:31:27,895 --> 00:31:30,231
during the building
of the Rue Monge.
470
00:31:38,197 --> 00:31:40,408
The great public monuments
were built of stone.
471
00:31:40,574 --> 00:31:42,660
As for more modest private housing,
472
00:31:42,827 --> 00:31:45,121
earth and wood
were still being used.
473
00:31:45,287 --> 00:31:47,331
But public monuments
were made of stone.
474
00:31:47,498 --> 00:31:50,209
Stone is a very important
marker of Romanization
475
00:31:50,376 --> 00:31:53,504
because you do not find it
in the Gaulish period,
476
00:31:53,671 --> 00:31:55,589
prior to the Roman conquest.
477
00:31:55,756 --> 00:31:59,135
The stone came from
a number of different places.
478
00:31:59,301 --> 00:32:02,847
But they mainly used limestone,
rubble stone of local origin,
479
00:32:03,013 --> 00:32:04,974
in the broad sense,
480
00:32:05,141 --> 00:32:08,686
brought in from 30-odd kilometers away
for building.
481
00:32:09,937 --> 00:32:12,523
In the first days
of Gallo-Roman Lutetia,
482
00:32:12,690 --> 00:32:15,151
limestone was extracted
from open-air quarries
483
00:32:15,317 --> 00:32:18,988
on the edge of the Seine,
the Marne and the Bievre.
484
00:32:19,655 --> 00:32:23,033
In 2011,
in the district of St-Marcel,
485
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:27,079
excavations revealed the presence
of an ancient Paris stone quarry.
486
00:32:28,539 --> 00:32:30,541
We are in the 13th arrondissement,
487
00:32:30,708 --> 00:32:33,711
behind the Gobelins Factory
to be precise,
488
00:32:33,878 --> 00:32:35,421
and this is the former location
489
00:32:35,421 --> 00:32:40,050
of a concave
bend of the Biévre:
490
00:32:40,217 --> 00:32:44,388
a small river which flowed into
the Seine, near the Gare d'Austerlitz.
491
00:32:44,555 --> 00:32:48,142
It played an important role
in the history of Paris.
492
00:32:48,559 --> 00:32:49,852
There was a steep bank,
493
00:32:50,019 --> 00:32:52,563
which meant it was possible
to quarry the limestone
494
00:32:52,730 --> 00:32:57,401
that was used to build part of Lutetia
and then later the medieval city.
495
00:32:57,568 --> 00:32:59,904
Because of the thinness
of the layers,
496
00:33:00,070 --> 00:33:02,364
the stone extracted from this quarry
497
00:33:02,531 --> 00:33:05,785
could only be used
to make rubble stone,
498
00:33:05,951 --> 00:33:09,371
that's to say small blocks,
which were used
499
00:33:09,538 --> 00:33:12,917
for individual homes and the facades
of some monuments,
500
00:33:13,083 --> 00:33:14,668
such as the Forum,
501
00:33:14,835 --> 00:33:18,088
but not large foundations.
502
00:33:28,641 --> 00:33:30,559
For the decorative facing
of monuments,
503
00:33:30,726 --> 00:33:33,103
far more exotic materials were used.
504
00:33:33,270 --> 00:33:35,439
These came from further away.
505
00:33:35,606 --> 00:33:37,233
Materials such as marble,
506
00:33:37,399 --> 00:33:39,860
which could have come from any
of the Empire's provinces,
507
00:33:40,027 --> 00:33:42,738
and sandstone from the south
of France, for instance,
508
00:33:42,905 --> 00:33:44,740
from the Province of Narbonne.
509
00:33:44,907 --> 00:33:46,909
A whole range of materials was used,
510
00:33:47,076 --> 00:33:50,996
local materials
and imported, exotic materials
511
00:33:51,163 --> 00:33:53,791
for monumental architecture.
512
00:33:54,792 --> 00:33:58,921
Almost nothing remains
of the Left Bank's architectural finery.
513
00:33:59,964 --> 00:34:01,715
By the middle of the 3rd century,
514
00:34:01,882 --> 00:34:04,885
the Roman city model
was on the wane.
515
00:34:05,052 --> 00:34:09,515
New uses were found
for Lutetia's architectural adornments.
516
00:34:10,933 --> 00:34:12,810
From the end of Antiquity,
517
00:34:12,977 --> 00:34:15,271
as was the case in all Roman cities,
518
00:34:15,437 --> 00:34:16,981
Lutetia's principal monuments
519
00:34:17,147 --> 00:34:20,109
became the target
of opportunistic vandalism.
520
00:34:20,276 --> 00:34:23,612
People took whatever they could
from these beautiful stone buildings
521
00:34:23,779 --> 00:34:26,490
and reused it in other places.
522
00:34:26,657 --> 00:34:31,203
So monuments that had lost
their purpose in the life of society
523
00:34:31,370 --> 00:34:34,582
became part of other monuments
all over the place.
524
00:34:46,468 --> 00:34:47,761
The stones around me
525
00:34:47,928 --> 00:34:50,180
are evidence
of the architectural finery
526
00:34:50,347 --> 00:34:52,516
that once existed in Lutetia
527
00:34:52,683 --> 00:34:56,979
and of which hardly any trace remains
within the city of Paris.
528
00:34:57,146 --> 00:35:01,150
These blocks, for instance,
were found reused in other buildings.
529
00:35:01,317 --> 00:35:02,818
The problem is,
530
00:35:02,985 --> 00:35:06,155
the monumental architecture
of Lutetia in the High Empire
531
00:35:06,322 --> 00:35:09,325
completely disappeared
as a result of this later reuse.
532
00:35:13,495 --> 00:35:17,750
These sculpted architectural elements
were once part of Lutetia's Forum.
533
00:35:18,208 --> 00:35:20,878
They adorned one of its porticos.
534
00:35:31,889 --> 00:35:33,641
They are some of the few remains
535
00:35:33,807 --> 00:35:37,061
from this symbol
of Parisian life in Antiquity.
536
00:35:51,575 --> 00:35:53,911
To learn more
about daily life in Lutetia,
537
00:35:54,078 --> 00:35:56,497
archeologists
excavate the sites of insulae
538
00:35:56,830 --> 00:35:58,540
or blocks of housing.
539
00:36:00,250 --> 00:36:03,921
In 2006,
perpendicular to the Rue St Jacques,
540
00:36:04,088 --> 00:36:08,384
they discovered the remains
of a Gallo-Roman road and house.
541
00:36:08,801 --> 00:36:09,760
Among other things,
542
00:36:09,927 --> 00:36:12,429
this house
revealed everyday objects.
543
00:36:20,312 --> 00:36:24,775
These pots and glassware come from
different excavation sites in Paris.
544
00:36:24,942 --> 00:36:27,945
And, with them,
another era resurfaces.
545
00:36:43,502 --> 00:36:46,213
Some of these utensils
were commonly produced,
546
00:36:46,380 --> 00:36:48,465
others are more refined.
547
00:36:49,299 --> 00:36:51,969
They arrived in Lutetia
from all over the Empire
548
00:36:52,136 --> 00:36:54,763
or were made
in the city's workshops.
549
00:36:55,973 --> 00:36:59,268
This is a collection of pottery
that was made in Lutetia
550
00:36:59,435 --> 00:37:02,104
in the 2nd or 3rd century.
551
00:37:03,981 --> 00:37:08,235
These pieces can tell us what
the inhabitants of Lutetia ate back then
552
00:37:08,402 --> 00:37:09,903
but only those
553
00:37:10,070 --> 00:37:12,156
from a poorer section
of the population
554
00:37:12,322 --> 00:37:14,908
because this kitchenware
would have belonged
555
00:37:15,075 --> 00:37:17,494
to an ordinary family.
556
00:37:20,372 --> 00:37:23,333
However we have texts,
notably those of Apicius,
557
00:37:23,500 --> 00:37:25,711
a famous cook in Augustus's day,
558
00:37:25,878 --> 00:37:27,838
which tell us
about extravagant recipes
559
00:37:28,005 --> 00:37:30,007
with costly ingredients.
560
00:37:30,924 --> 00:37:34,887
An example of the type of delicacy
eaten in Lutetia at the time
561
00:37:35,054 --> 00:37:36,680
is oysters.
562
00:37:37,848 --> 00:37:40,476
Many have been found
on Roman sites and these oysters,
563
00:37:40,642 --> 00:37:43,312
which were imported
from Normandy and Brittany,
564
00:37:43,479 --> 00:37:45,355
were definitely a costly product.
565
00:37:55,532 --> 00:37:56,742
The boatmen of the Seine
566
00:37:56,909 --> 00:37:58,786
transported necessities
and luxury items
567
00:37:58,952 --> 00:38:01,330
to the shores of Lutetia.
568
00:38:03,832 --> 00:38:07,669
River trade was the city's
main source of economic wealth.
569
00:38:09,797 --> 00:38:13,050
Lutetia also benefited
from an extremely dense network
570
00:38:13,217 --> 00:38:16,428
of Roman roads,
which ran all over Europe.
571
00:38:21,642 --> 00:38:25,521
Milestones were placed
all along these ancient roads.
572
00:38:26,897 --> 00:38:30,317
This one was found during an excavation
in Avenue des Gobelins.
573
00:38:41,453 --> 00:38:43,539
On the upper part of this element,
574
00:38:43,705 --> 00:38:47,626
which is slightly cylindrical,
you can see an inscription.
575
00:38:47,793 --> 00:38:50,712
This inscription
tells us a number of things:
576
00:38:50,879 --> 00:38:53,257
the first two lines
mention an emperor,
577
00:38:53,423 --> 00:38:56,510
the emperor under whom
the inscription was made,
578
00:38:56,677 --> 00:38:59,763
and the third thing,
which is particularly important,
579
00:38:59,930 --> 00:39:04,935
the last surviving line
of this inscription says CIV - PAR,
580
00:39:05,144 --> 00:39:10,190
Civitas Parisiorum,
the city of the Parisians.
581
00:39:10,357 --> 00:39:12,442
So this is the earliest evidence
we have
582
00:39:12,609 --> 00:39:14,736
of Lutetia's name changing
583
00:39:14,903 --> 00:39:17,948
and becoming
the City of the Parisians - Paris -
584
00:39:18,115 --> 00:39:20,951
around 309-310 AD.
585
00:39:21,827 --> 00:39:23,912
It wasn't necessarily
a political decision.
586
00:39:24,079 --> 00:39:25,789
It was a question of usage.
587
00:39:25,956 --> 00:39:29,376
Roman names, which were often
complicated, gradually disappeared.
588
00:39:29,543 --> 00:39:33,672
People preferred to refer to cities
as the "Capital of the People...
589
00:39:33,964 --> 00:39:35,757
So we have
the Capital of the Senones,
590
00:39:35,924 --> 00:39:37,092
which became Sens,
591
00:39:37,259 --> 00:39:39,970
The Capital of the Santones,
which became Saintes,
592
00:39:40,137 --> 00:39:44,308
the Capital of the Parisii,
or rather, oppidum parisiorum.
593
00:39:44,474 --> 00:39:47,728
People ended up saying Parisii.
Paris in other words.
594
00:39:47,895 --> 00:39:53,066
So a gradual change in linguistic usage
probably explains this name change.
595
00:40:02,075 --> 00:40:05,787
In the mid 3rd century,
a new era dawned in ancient Lutetia.
596
00:40:08,290 --> 00:40:11,335
Like all over northern Gaul,
the city is completely replanned
597
00:40:11,501 --> 00:40:14,922
owing to the political
and economic climate.
598
00:40:16,173 --> 00:40:18,884
The left bank
is partially abandoned.
599
00:40:19,134 --> 00:40:21,386
Stones from the Forum and the arena
600
00:40:21,553 --> 00:40:23,722
are used to fortify the lie de la Cité.
601
00:40:24,681 --> 00:40:28,518
Parisian life now revolves
around a civil basilica.
602
00:40:29,478 --> 00:40:31,521
At the time,
the basilica was a rectangular building
603
00:40:31,688 --> 00:40:33,440
used for legal activities,
604
00:40:33,607 --> 00:40:36,735
the ancestor of the Palais de Justice,
or law courts,
605
00:40:36,902 --> 00:40:39,404
which is still on the lie de la Cité.
606
00:40:46,370 --> 00:40:48,538
Beneath the square
in front of Notre Dame,
607
00:40:48,705 --> 00:40:50,040
archeological excavations
608
00:40:50,207 --> 00:40:53,585
have revealed remains
of the Lower Empire period.
609
00:40:55,754 --> 00:40:57,673
Begun in 1965
610
00:40:57,839 --> 00:41:00,217
by the archeologist Michel Fleury,
these excavations
611
00:41:00,384 --> 00:41:04,680
are now led by Sylvie Robin
and Rose-Marie Mousseaux.
612
00:41:04,846 --> 00:41:07,391
The archeological crypt
houses the late walls
613
00:41:07,557 --> 00:41:11,895
of the city of Lutetia.
By "late", we mean the 4th century.
614
00:41:12,062 --> 00:41:16,358
These walls surrounded Lutetia,
or rather the island of Lutetia.
615
00:41:16,525 --> 00:41:18,652
We have a short quote
from the Emperor Julian,
616
00:41:18,819 --> 00:41:22,739
which gives us an idea
of what Lutetia was like in those days.
617
00:41:22,906 --> 00:41:27,411
In 357, when he arrived
after one of his military campaigns,
618
00:41:27,577 --> 00:41:31,790
he entered his "charming Lutetia".
That's the word he used.
619
00:41:31,957 --> 00:41:35,877
So he entered his charming Lutetia,
which was surrounded by walls.
620
00:41:36,044 --> 00:41:40,632
This means that at the time,
around 357-358 AD,
621
00:41:40,799 --> 00:41:43,135
the city was completely enclosed
by walls.
622
00:41:44,428 --> 00:41:46,138
Within the city walls,
623
00:41:46,305 --> 00:41:48,640
roads were re-laid,
624
00:41:48,807 --> 00:41:52,436
several bath complexes were built
and, probably,
625
00:41:52,602 --> 00:41:55,439
a palace and a basilica too.
626
00:41:58,942 --> 00:42:01,069
In Late Antiquity, these small baths
627
00:42:01,236 --> 00:42:04,364
stood near the outer walls
of the lie de la Cité.
628
00:42:07,659 --> 00:42:10,454
Although they could only
hold 7 people,
629
00:42:12,122 --> 00:42:13,707
they were modeled
along the same lines
630
00:42:13,874 --> 00:42:15,542
as larger bathing establishments,
631
00:42:15,709 --> 00:42:18,879
with hot, warm and cold rooms.
632
00:42:21,965 --> 00:42:24,634
Little is known
about the water-supply system,
633
00:42:24,801 --> 00:42:26,762
but water probably came from a well
634
00:42:26,928 --> 00:42:29,222
or the Seine, which was very nearby.
635
00:42:34,853 --> 00:42:37,647
Facing the right bank,
there was an architectural complex
636
00:42:37,814 --> 00:42:40,567
with a military palace
and the basilica.
637
00:42:42,319 --> 00:42:46,573
This building may have been used
by Emperor Julian and his staff.
638
00:42:48,617 --> 00:42:52,287
When Julian came to spend
several winters running in Lutetia,
639
00:42:52,454 --> 00:42:56,333
he was not thinking about using it
for a particular purpose.
640
00:42:57,542 --> 00:43:00,670
He simply needed
to house his troops for the winter
641
00:43:00,837 --> 00:43:04,383
because the Roman army
fought campaigns in summertime
642
00:43:04,549 --> 00:43:07,677
and, in the winter,
the troops withdrew, rested
643
00:43:07,844 --> 00:43:10,138
and settled for a while.
644
00:43:13,642 --> 00:43:15,185
Julian was drawn to Lutetia
645
00:43:15,352 --> 00:43:16,978
as much for the riches of its river
646
00:43:17,145 --> 00:43:19,481
as for the vines
on the slopes of Montmartre.
647
00:43:20,148 --> 00:43:21,691
He stayed at the palace
several times
648
00:43:21,858 --> 00:43:24,361
during his military campaigns
against the Franks.
649
00:43:26,571 --> 00:43:28,782
In March 360, it was in Lutetia
650
00:43:28,949 --> 00:43:32,411
that Julian was proclaimed emperor
by his own troops.
651
00:43:33,161 --> 00:43:36,957
At that time, Lutetia regained
a strategic importance that it had lost.
652
00:43:37,124 --> 00:43:39,376
This is probably why
the Frankish kings
653
00:43:39,543 --> 00:43:42,671
named Paris as the capital
in the 5th century.
654
00:43:50,595 --> 00:43:51,680
Near the Rhine,
655
00:43:51,847 --> 00:43:55,392
violent barbarian incursions
threaten the Roman Empire.
656
00:43:56,435 --> 00:43:58,854
A few days' walk
from Germanic lands,
657
00:43:59,020 --> 00:44:02,107
Paris stands on the border
between these two civilizations.
658
00:44:02,441 --> 00:44:05,902
An attack by Attila and the Huns
seems imminent.
659
00:44:06,778 --> 00:44:08,697
When Attila arrived in the West,
660
00:44:08,864 --> 00:44:11,283
in 451, he ransacked Metz.
661
00:44:12,367 --> 00:44:14,703
Rumors about the acts of cruelty spread.
662
00:44:14,703 --> 00:44:22,294
The Parisians, at least the men,
were tempted to flee the city
663
00:44:22,461 --> 00:44:25,380
and live in the forest
and the countryside.
664
00:44:25,547 --> 00:44:28,425
But Genevieve
decided to organize resistance
665
00:44:28,592 --> 00:44:29,885
and believed that Attila
666
00:44:30,051 --> 00:44:32,679
would not be able to seize the city.
667
00:44:35,765 --> 00:44:37,809
Genevieve was a frail young woman
668
00:44:37,976 --> 00:44:42,314
with the mystic veil of the saint
and a keen sense of diplomacy.
669
00:44:44,941 --> 00:44:47,068
She lived as a nun in Paris.
670
00:44:47,235 --> 00:44:49,029
She was from a wealthy family
671
00:44:49,196 --> 00:44:55,660
and probably head of the Paris Curia.
She was mayor before the term existed.
672
00:44:55,827 --> 00:44:58,038
And so Genevieve,
in conditions
673
00:44:58,205 --> 00:45:02,083
we know nothing about,
organized the defense of Paris.
674
00:45:02,918 --> 00:45:06,630
The Huns are in the Paris area,
ready to sweep into the city.
675
00:45:07,589 --> 00:45:09,716
The men
are determined to abandon it.
676
00:45:09,883 --> 00:45:13,345
Alone, Genevieve
puts up a fierce resistance.
677
00:45:14,054 --> 00:45:15,180
We must flee.
678
00:45:15,514 --> 00:45:17,307
Why all this talk of fear?
679
00:45:17,474 --> 00:45:19,267
Of fleeing to other cities?
680
00:45:19,434 --> 00:45:22,312
Lutetia, under Christ's protection,
will escape the carnage.
681
00:45:22,896 --> 00:45:24,314
What would you have us do?
682
00:45:24,481 --> 00:45:25,649
Pray at the swords?
683
00:45:25,815 --> 00:45:27,192
To hell with you and your God!
684
00:45:27,609 --> 00:45:30,237
- You're talking nonsense.
- You're not His Messenger!
685
00:45:30,403 --> 00:45:31,738
God did speak to me with love.
686
00:45:31,905 --> 00:45:32,656
If we flee the city,
687
00:45:32,822 --> 00:45:34,824
we'll be at the mercy
of the Barbarians.
688
00:45:34,991 --> 00:45:36,952
Butunfied
and with heaven's guidance,
689
00:45:37,118 --> 00:45:38,328
we can fight back.
690
00:45:38,495 --> 00:45:40,580
You're a prophetess of doom!
691
00:45:40,747 --> 00:45:42,249
You men are all cowards.
692
00:45:45,669 --> 00:45:48,588
You, women of Lutetia,
have the courage.
693
00:45:49,339 --> 00:45:50,507
Don't abandon your city,
694
00:45:50,674 --> 00:45:52,467
where you were conceived,
695
00:45:52,968 --> 00:45:54,302
where your children were born
696
00:45:54,469 --> 00:45:56,346
and your ancestors died.
697
00:45:56,680 --> 00:45:58,473
Let the men run away in fear,
698
00:45:58,640 --> 00:46:00,517
if they don't have the strength
to stand up and fight.
699
00:46:00,684 --> 00:46:02,561
But we women will kneel and pray
700
00:46:02,727 --> 00:46:04,854
until God hears us!
701
00:46:09,359 --> 00:46:12,445
Attila goes around the city
and heads for Orleans.
702
00:46:12,612 --> 00:46:14,614
The Parisians are convinced
they have been spared
703
00:46:14,781 --> 00:46:16,950
because of Genevieve's prayers.
704
00:46:17,117 --> 00:46:19,619
They shower her with praise.
705
00:46:21,079 --> 00:46:23,456
Genevieve
had a very important role.
706
00:46:23,623 --> 00:46:26,126
She had a special devotion
for St Denis.
707
00:46:26,293 --> 00:46:28,420
In her writings,
The Life of St Genevieve,
708
00:46:28,420 --> 00:46:28,591
.
709
00:46:28,700 --> 00:46:33,967
she describes how she walked
from Paris to St Denis
710
00:46:34,593 --> 00:46:38,430
via the La Chapelle Pass, site of
the present Porte de la Chapelle.
711
00:46:39,222 --> 00:46:42,726
So she had
a special devotion for him.
712
00:46:43,977 --> 00:46:47,564
The fact so many Frankish aristocrats,
mainly women, were buried at St Denis,
713
00:46:47,731 --> 00:46:51,943
probably has something to do with
St Genevieve's special devotion.
714
00:46:58,283 --> 00:47:00,076
As the patron saint of the city,
715
00:47:00,243 --> 00:47:03,163
Genevieve embodied the destiny of Paris:
716
00:47:04,581 --> 00:47:06,249
a miraculous survivor,
717
00:47:06,416 --> 00:47:08,752
a city untouched by the test of time
718
00:47:08,918 --> 00:47:12,255
or men's misfortunes
in the name of God.
719
00:47:12,422 --> 00:47:15,133
She followed
in the footsteps of St Denis,
720
00:47:15,300 --> 00:47:18,178
the bishop missionary
who first tried to convert
721
00:47:18,345 --> 00:47:20,096
the Parisians to Christianity.
722
00:47:22,641 --> 00:47:24,100
Tradition has it
723
00:47:24,267 --> 00:47:26,811
that St Denis was
the first bishop of Paris.
724
00:47:26,978 --> 00:47:30,523
He was martyred in Montmartre
in the middle of the 3rd century.
725
00:47:30,690 --> 00:47:34,778
But we now believe that he was a bishop
missionary, an itinerant bishop,
726
00:47:34,944 --> 00:47:37,697
martyred because he wanted
to convert the Parisians.
727
00:47:38,865 --> 00:47:41,785
He was martyred, beheaded
on the hill of Montmartre.
728
00:47:41,951 --> 00:47:43,244
According to legend
729
00:47:43,411 --> 00:47:46,164
- this was much later,
in the 8th or 9th century -
730
00:47:46,331 --> 00:47:48,583
he carried his head
from Paris to St Denis.
731
00:47:48,750 --> 00:47:50,710
That's 6 kilometers!
732
00:47:50,877 --> 00:47:53,463
So he was buried roughly
where we are standing now,
733
00:47:53,630 --> 00:47:55,548
on the spot
where the basilica was built.
734
00:47:57,676 --> 00:48:00,804
The bishop was buried
in a small Gallo-Roman cemetery,
735
00:48:00,970 --> 00:48:03,139
which was soon
turned into a mausoleum.
736
00:48:03,473 --> 00:48:04,474
In the 5th century,
737
00:48:04,641 --> 00:48:07,644
St Genevieve had a church built here.
738
00:48:08,853 --> 00:48:10,313
Dedicated to his memory,
739
00:48:10,480 --> 00:48:13,024
the place of worship
took the name of St Denis.
740
00:48:16,486 --> 00:48:20,740
The abbey-church, which became
a basilica in the Merovingian period,
741
00:48:20,907 --> 00:48:23,159
illuminated the political
and spiritual history
742
00:48:23,326 --> 00:48:26,246
of the successive
royal dynasties in Paris.
743
00:48:38,717 --> 00:48:41,136
The crypt of the Basilica
of St Denis
744
00:48:41,302 --> 00:48:44,139
contains the remains
of the original church.
745
00:48:45,140 --> 00:48:46,349
We are standing on the site
746
00:48:46,516 --> 00:48:49,602
of what was an exceptional
and very large memorial.
747
00:48:49,978 --> 00:48:52,522
The nave was nine meters wide.
748
00:48:52,689 --> 00:48:56,192
And you can see here,
on both sides, large stone blocks
749
00:48:56,359 --> 00:48:59,446
from an ancient monument
that was probably destroyed.
750
00:48:59,612 --> 00:49:03,992
These blocks were used for
the foundations of this first memorial.
751
00:49:05,118 --> 00:49:09,247
This sarcophagus has been identified
as being that of St Denis.
752
00:49:10,123 --> 00:49:12,250
From the second half
of the 5th century,
753
00:49:12,417 --> 00:49:15,920
notables and two Merovingian kings
would be buried
754
00:49:16,087 --> 00:49:18,798
as close as possible
to the sainted bishop's remains.
755
00:49:29,684 --> 00:49:32,812
Pummeled on all sides
by invading barbarians,
756
00:49:32,979 --> 00:49:35,940
the Roman Empire
begins to disintegrate.
757
00:49:36,107 --> 00:49:39,986
The Frankish army of King Childeric
sweeps down from the north
758
00:49:40,153 --> 00:49:43,239
and lays siege to Paris
for almost ten years.
759
00:49:43,406 --> 00:49:45,867
Genevieve leads the resistance.
760
00:49:46,034 --> 00:49:49,078
At the risk of her life,
she embarks on a journey
761
00:49:49,245 --> 00:49:52,290
to find grain
with which to feed the city.
762
00:49:53,249 --> 00:49:55,418
When these large boats
dock in Paris,
763
00:49:55,585 --> 00:49:57,879
the starving crowd
give her a jubilant welcome
764
00:49:58,046 --> 00:50:00,131
and hasten to make bread.
765
00:50:02,759 --> 00:50:05,887
Yet again Genevieve
has changed the Parisians' destiny
766
00:50:06,054 --> 00:50:08,389
and saved the city.
767
00:50:08,598 --> 00:50:11,810
Childeric admires
the woman's courage.
768
00:50:12,185 --> 00:50:16,648
She even bounces little Clovis,
the future king, on her knee.
769
00:50:20,068 --> 00:50:22,362
After the Franks finally take Paris,
770
00:50:22,529 --> 00:50:26,950
Genevieve becomes the protector
of the Merovingian kings.
771
00:50:27,283 --> 00:50:30,370
In the Ancien Régime period,
the Merovingians
772
00:50:30,537 --> 00:50:33,248
were seen
as the kings of the first race.
773
00:50:33,414 --> 00:50:36,751
So the Merovingians
were the first French dynasty.
774
00:50:36,918 --> 00:50:39,212
Well, French
before the term had been coined,
775
00:50:39,379 --> 00:50:41,631
since France did not exist yet.
776
00:50:41,798 --> 00:50:43,800
And its real founder was Clovis,
777
00:50:43,967 --> 00:50:45,301
Childeric's son.
778
00:50:45,468 --> 00:50:49,889
In Frankish, Clovis was Chlodowig.
It isn't easy to pronounce.
779
00:50:50,056 --> 00:50:53,017
This became Ludovicus, then Louis.
780
00:50:53,184 --> 00:50:56,855
So you could almost say
Clovis was Louis the First.
781
00:50:57,272 --> 00:51:01,025
Clovis becomes King of the Franks
at the age of 15.
782
00:51:05,154 --> 00:51:06,990
He is, above all, a fearsome warrior
783
00:51:07,156 --> 00:51:11,160
who sets about conquering territory
from the Somme to the Loire.
784
00:51:11,536 --> 00:51:13,329
Following his military successes,
785
00:51:13,496 --> 00:51:15,164
Clovis needs a capital to establish
786
00:51:15,331 --> 00:51:18,084
the undisputed seat of his kingdom.
787
00:51:20,295 --> 00:51:24,424
After his victory over the Visigoths
in Vouillé in 507,
788
00:51:24,591 --> 00:51:28,553
after his triumph at Tours in 508,
in the manner of a Roman emperor,
789
00:51:28,720 --> 00:51:32,932
Clovis decided to provide himself
with a capital and he chose Paris.
790
00:51:33,099 --> 00:51:34,976
He did not choose Paris as capital
791
00:51:35,143 --> 00:51:38,187
for military or strategic reasons,
as has often been said,
792
00:51:38,354 --> 00:51:42,317
or even for political reasons,
but for religious reasons.
793
00:51:42,483 --> 00:51:46,112
The fact is Clovis and Clotilda
had had an excellent relationship
794
00:51:46,279 --> 00:51:49,198
with Genevieve, who had become,
in a manner of speaking,
795
00:51:49,365 --> 00:51:52,368
the protector of the nascent
Merovingian dynasty.
796
00:51:52,994 --> 00:51:54,662
By choosing Paris as the capital,
797
00:51:54,829 --> 00:51:58,249
they anchored the dynasty
by St Genevieve's tomb.
798
00:51:58,416 --> 00:52:02,170
This is what led them to build
the Basilica of the Holy Apostles
799
00:52:02,337 --> 00:52:03,713
over her tomb.
800
00:52:04,756 --> 00:52:06,549
Around the year 500,
801
00:52:06,716 --> 00:52:10,595
Clovis decided to build his mausoleum
next to Genevieve's tomb.
802
00:52:10,762 --> 00:52:14,807
On top of the mount that still bears
the name of the patron saint of Paris,
803
00:52:14,974 --> 00:52:17,226
he built the Basilica
of the Holy Apostles,
804
00:52:18,061 --> 00:52:22,565
later known as St Genevieve Church.
It no longer exists.
805
00:52:26,402 --> 00:52:30,031
Clovis's Tower is
all that remains of this abbey.
806
00:52:30,239 --> 00:52:32,867
Built later, the church
of St Etienne du Mont
807
00:52:33,034 --> 00:52:36,579
stood next
to St Genevieve's basilica.
808
00:52:37,956 --> 00:52:39,999
King Clovis died in 511.
809
00:52:40,959 --> 00:52:44,629
He was buried next
to the graves of his wife, Clotilda,
810
00:52:44,796 --> 00:52:48,007
and of Genevieve.
But his tomb has never been found.
811
00:52:50,843 --> 00:52:53,972
Clovis's choice
would be decisive for the future.
812
00:52:54,138 --> 00:52:55,640
Following his death,
813
00:52:55,807 --> 00:52:58,393
when his kingdom
was divided between his sons,
814
00:52:58,559 --> 00:53:00,687
Paris became a jointly-owned city:
815
00:53:00,853 --> 00:53:03,439
in other words,
none of his sons could go there
816
00:53:03,606 --> 00:53:07,735
unless he was accompanied
by one or another of his brothers.
817
00:53:07,902 --> 00:53:11,864
During the entire Merovingian period,
it was a holy city.
818
00:53:12,031 --> 00:53:14,784
So each kingdom, or sub-kingdom,
had its capital,
819
00:53:14,951 --> 00:53:19,122
but Paris was the joint capital
of the Merovingian kings.
820
00:53:20,331 --> 00:53:23,251
With the Frankish kings
now on the lie de la Cité,
821
00:53:23,418 --> 00:53:26,838
numerous churches are built
on both banks of the Seine.
822
00:53:35,471 --> 00:53:36,472
But these places of worship
823
00:53:36,639 --> 00:53:40,893
do not survive the ferocious attacks
of the Vikings from the middle
824
00:53:41,060 --> 00:53:42,270
of the 9th century.
825
00:53:45,857 --> 00:53:50,111
Every ten years, the city is attacked
by hordes of invaders
826
00:53:50,278 --> 00:53:51,571
who would sail up the Seine.
827
00:53:52,447 --> 00:53:56,117
In 885,
the river is awash with Iongships
828
00:53:56,284 --> 00:53:58,870
full of men armed to the teeth.
829
00:54:00,455 --> 00:54:02,790
The Vikings ransack
the suburbs on both banks
830
00:54:02,957 --> 00:54:05,918
and get dangerously close
to the lie de la Cité.
831
00:54:06,919 --> 00:54:08,880
The battle rages on.
832
00:54:09,213 --> 00:54:13,009
The bishop and the Count of Paris
organize the city's defense.
833
00:54:13,176 --> 00:54:16,429
The Parisians put up fierce resistance
around the Grand Pont,
834
00:54:16,596 --> 00:54:19,849
opposite the Chételet,
or castle, guarding the river.
835
00:54:20,016 --> 00:54:22,685
They all hope
for the royal army's support.
836
00:54:23,478 --> 00:54:26,105
But Charles the Fat refuses to fight
837
00:54:26,272 --> 00:54:29,859
and negotiates the end of the siege
in exchange for a ransom.
838
00:54:33,613 --> 00:54:36,699
In danger of disappearing,
shaky and fragile,
839
00:54:36,866 --> 00:54:39,118
Paris survives
and pursues its destiny.
840
00:54:40,787 --> 00:54:43,039
In 987, a new dynasty,
841
00:54:43,206 --> 00:54:45,708
the Capetians, seizes power.
842
00:54:48,336 --> 00:54:52,215
Paris the capital is waiting
for a visionary who will help it up
843
00:54:52,381 --> 00:54:56,052
and protect it from the challenges
of the new age that is dawning.
844
00:55:30,480 --> 00:55:52,900
Subtitles: Vdm
OCR Conversion done by KarMa of the MVGroup