1 00:00:00,760 --> 00:00:02,410 Fire! 2 00:00:02,410 --> 00:00:04,827 (gun firing) 3 00:00:06,547 --> 00:00:07,720 (swords clanging) 4 00:00:07,720 --> 00:00:11,470 The world we live in was shaped by war. 5 00:00:15,630 --> 00:00:19,280 For hundreds of years, power hungry families 6 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:23,304 fought for the right to rule and Europe transformed. 7 00:00:23,304 --> 00:00:25,554 For the glory of England! 8 00:00:27,637 --> 00:00:30,710 I, Philip de Valois, am the only king of France. 9 00:00:33,550 --> 00:00:36,340 These rivalries shifted borders. 10 00:00:37,430 --> 00:00:38,870 Cursed be the French king! 11 00:00:39,920 --> 00:00:42,310 Destroyed cities, 12 00:00:42,310 --> 00:00:44,600 and brought populations to their knees. 13 00:00:47,090 --> 00:00:48,480 A war of thrones. 14 00:00:48,480 --> 00:00:49,313 Don't touch me! 15 00:00:49,313 --> 00:00:52,140 A tale of murder, sex, and betrayal. 16 00:00:52,140 --> 00:00:55,380 Greatness, madam, that is what France needs. 17 00:00:55,380 --> 00:00:57,370 Those not crowned in glory 18 00:00:57,370 --> 00:00:59,930 were brutally slaughtered or condemned 19 00:00:59,930 --> 00:01:01,490 to rot in the shadows. 20 00:01:07,540 --> 00:01:10,885 This woman is a heretic that much perish in the flames. 21 00:01:10,885 --> 00:01:12,737 (screaming) 22 00:01:12,737 --> 00:01:14,875 Guards, guards! 23 00:01:14,875 --> 00:01:16,290 In the merciless game 24 00:01:16,290 --> 00:01:19,840 of war and ambition, anything goes. 25 00:01:31,310 --> 00:01:33,300 At the beginning of the renaissance, 26 00:01:33,300 --> 00:01:36,220 the throne of France was once again under threat. 27 00:01:37,610 --> 00:01:40,420 The ambitious emperor wanted to dominate Europe. 28 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:43,650 The king of France was prepared 29 00:01:43,650 --> 00:01:45,740 to do anything to save his realm. 30 00:01:47,210 --> 00:01:50,260 The rivalry would lead to 27 years of war 31 00:01:52,930 --> 00:01:55,490 but another sovereign would play the peacemaker. 32 00:01:57,810 --> 00:02:01,190 After the 100 Years War, France still 33 00:02:01,190 --> 00:02:02,700 had to fight for peace. 34 00:02:04,122 --> 00:02:06,872 (dramatic music) 35 00:02:41,450 --> 00:02:45,350 On January 23rd, 1516, the king of Spain, 36 00:02:45,350 --> 00:02:47,510 Ferdinand of Aragon, died. 37 00:02:48,890 --> 00:02:50,620 He was 64 years old. 38 00:03:00,930 --> 00:03:03,960 He bequeathed to his grandson, Charles of Habsburg, 39 00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:05,670 an unparalleled inheritance. 40 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:16,810 The kingdoms of Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia 41 00:03:16,810 --> 00:03:19,030 as well as colonies in the new world 42 00:03:19,030 --> 00:03:22,260 discovered by Christopher Columbus 24 years earlier. 43 00:03:27,230 --> 00:03:30,300 These lands were in addition to an earlier legacy, 44 00:03:31,170 --> 00:03:33,860 that of his great grandfather Charles the Bold, 45 00:03:33,860 --> 00:03:37,200 who left him the Netherlands and what is now Belgium. 46 00:03:39,690 --> 00:03:42,970 At just 17 years old, Charles of Habsburg's empire 47 00:03:42,970 --> 00:03:45,890 extended from the Netherlands to Spain 48 00:03:45,890 --> 00:03:49,780 and from the Mediterranean all the way to the Americas. 49 00:03:49,780 --> 00:03:53,470 It was vast but it wasn't enough for Charles. 50 00:03:56,400 --> 00:03:58,640 A devout catholic, his ambition was 51 00:03:58,640 --> 00:04:00,510 to build a vast Christian empire 52 00:04:00,510 --> 00:04:02,250 to rule the whole of Europe. 53 00:04:03,910 --> 00:04:06,020 He was intelligent and ruthless. 54 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:15,070 Corruption, blackmail, and war. 55 00:04:15,070 --> 00:04:18,290 Charles would stop at nothing to get what he wanted. 56 00:04:18,290 --> 00:04:22,050 This made the other European leaders very nervous, 57 00:04:22,050 --> 00:04:25,910 none more so than the king of France, Francis the first. 58 00:04:30,440 --> 00:04:34,140 Francis was born September 12th, 1494. 59 00:04:34,140 --> 00:04:36,520 He had never been destined to rule. 60 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:39,540 Born into a distant branch of the Valois dynasty, 61 00:04:39,540 --> 00:04:42,000 Charles was no more than a distant cousin 62 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:43,450 of King Louis the 12th. 63 00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:47,040 Louis had failed to father a son 64 00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:49,470 so he passed his crown to Francis. 65 00:04:52,740 --> 00:04:55,930 When he was 14, Francis joined the royal family 66 00:04:55,930 --> 00:04:59,920 at Blois Castle where he was received as the crown prince. 67 00:05:02,700 --> 00:05:05,850 At the age of 19, he married Louis the 12th's only daughter, 68 00:05:05,850 --> 00:05:07,020 Claude of France. 69 00:05:14,580 --> 00:05:18,960 When Louis the 12th died on New Year's Day, 1515, 70 00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:22,730 his now son-in-law Francis of Angouleme became king. 71 00:05:25,120 --> 00:05:26,610 He was 20 years old. 72 00:05:40,050 --> 00:05:42,420 After his coronation in house, 73 00:05:42,420 --> 00:05:46,680 his entry into Paris on February 25th, 1515, 74 00:05:46,680 --> 00:05:49,020 set the tone for his entire reign. 75 00:05:50,180 --> 00:05:52,630 Francis would be a flamboyant monarch. 76 00:06:05,320 --> 00:06:06,237 Our king! 77 00:06:09,500 --> 00:06:10,610 The new king of France 78 00:06:10,610 --> 00:06:13,110 was warmly welcomed by the aristocracy 79 00:06:15,180 --> 00:06:18,610 and his victory at Marignano where he recaptured Milan 80 00:06:18,610 --> 00:06:21,770 from the duke of Sforza made him the new Caesar. 81 00:06:24,060 --> 00:06:26,090 You look magnificent, mother. 82 00:06:26,090 --> 00:06:27,440 You too, my son. 83 00:06:28,840 --> 00:06:30,640 This auspicious reign-- 84 00:06:31,510 --> 00:06:32,470 My dear Margaret. 85 00:06:32,470 --> 00:06:34,110 Was supported by his mother 86 00:06:34,110 --> 00:06:35,530 and his sister Margaret. 87 00:06:35,530 --> 00:06:37,470 You are truly beautiful. 88 00:06:37,470 --> 00:06:38,303 I thank you. 89 00:06:38,303 --> 00:06:40,650 In 1519 an opportunity arose 90 00:06:40,650 --> 00:06:42,380 which would reinforce his power. 91 00:06:48,060 --> 00:06:52,250 The death of the holy Roman emperor, Maximilian the first. 92 00:06:54,820 --> 00:06:57,260 With Maximilian dead, the position 93 00:06:57,260 --> 00:06:59,670 of Holy Roman Emperor became vacant. 94 00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:04,600 The imperial crown wasn't hereditary. 95 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:06,600 The emperor had to be elected. 96 00:07:09,300 --> 00:07:11,280 Francis was the first candidate 97 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:13,340 to put himself forward for the job 98 00:07:16,290 --> 00:07:18,950 but he didn't have a single drop of German blood. 99 00:07:22,580 --> 00:07:24,760 Charles of Habsburg, the new king of Spain, 100 00:07:24,760 --> 00:07:28,090 on the other hand was also Maximilian's grandson. 101 00:07:31,180 --> 00:07:34,590 He had no intention of letting his family lose the crown. 102 00:07:42,090 --> 00:07:44,940 He decided that he, too, would stand for election. 103 00:07:52,530 --> 00:07:56,210 On March first, 1519, in Frankfurt 104 00:07:56,210 --> 00:07:58,870 the empire's archchancellor gathered together 105 00:07:58,870 --> 00:08:01,650 the electoral council of the Golden Bull. 106 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:06,330 This council of three archbishops and four princes 107 00:08:06,330 --> 00:08:09,190 were the only ones allowed to elect the new emperor. 108 00:08:10,230 --> 00:08:12,340 To win the title, the candidates 109 00:08:12,340 --> 00:08:14,210 needed to score the most votes 110 00:08:14,210 --> 00:08:17,960 but to do that would cost serious cash. 111 00:08:18,980 --> 00:08:22,240 Charles and Francis were both rich 112 00:08:22,240 --> 00:08:24,970 but neither was rich enough to pay the bribes 113 00:08:24,970 --> 00:08:26,470 needed to win. 114 00:08:26,470 --> 00:08:28,270 They would need to borrow the money. 115 00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:32,590 That is where Jakob Fugger came in. 116 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:38,570 Have you checked this one? 117 00:08:38,570 --> 00:08:40,260 Fugger was the greatest banker 118 00:08:40,260 --> 00:08:42,750 and financier of his time. 119 00:08:42,750 --> 00:08:44,940 The richest man in Europe. 120 00:08:44,940 --> 00:08:47,440 Who receives this, the same ones? 121 00:08:48,590 --> 00:08:49,960 He was the man who first came up 122 00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:52,450 with the idea of adding interest to loans. 123 00:08:54,930 --> 00:08:58,170 Fugger was also Maximilian's chief financial backer 124 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:02,170 and therefore he wanted to help the late emperor's grandson 125 00:09:02,170 --> 00:09:03,370 claim the crown. 126 00:09:15,380 --> 00:09:20,380 Sire, I believe we can do great things together in Europe. 127 00:09:20,940 --> 00:09:23,210 In order to help Charles win, 128 00:09:23,210 --> 00:09:26,170 Fugger proposed a deal, a loan 129 00:09:26,170 --> 00:09:29,980 in return for a sizable share of the Habsburg silver mines. 130 00:09:31,130 --> 00:09:32,830 This is outrageous. 131 00:09:32,830 --> 00:09:33,770 Charles didn't want 132 00:09:33,770 --> 00:09:36,010 to give away his family's profits. 133 00:09:36,010 --> 00:09:37,780 He decided he would fight the election 134 00:09:37,780 --> 00:09:39,510 without Fugger's financial support. 135 00:09:39,510 --> 00:09:40,610 Offered you my help. 136 00:09:41,510 --> 00:09:43,200 Fugger was annoyed by Charles' arrogance 137 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:46,000 so he offered his financial services to his rival. 138 00:09:50,860 --> 00:09:51,693 Your majesty. 139 00:09:51,693 --> 00:09:54,130 Ah, my friend. 140 00:09:54,130 --> 00:09:56,060 I hope you bring me good news. 141 00:09:56,060 --> 00:09:57,350 That is why I am here. 142 00:09:59,150 --> 00:10:01,410 Soon the crown of the empire will be mine. 143 00:10:03,980 --> 00:10:07,880 Fugger offered the French king 369,000 florins, 144 00:10:07,880 --> 00:10:12,310 about 47 million Euros today, at 10% commission. 145 00:10:18,820 --> 00:10:20,710 With such a huge sum behind him, 146 00:10:20,710 --> 00:10:22,940 Francis was sure to win the election. 147 00:10:31,650 --> 00:10:35,490 So, Fugger my friend, where did you disappear to? 148 00:10:35,490 --> 00:10:37,110 When Charles found out, 149 00:10:37,110 --> 00:10:38,920 he summoned Fugger to court. 150 00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:41,480 Desperately, he agreed to hand over the profits 151 00:10:41,480 --> 00:10:45,950 of his silver mines in return for 543,000 florins, 152 00:10:45,950 --> 00:10:48,130 almost 71 million Euros. 153 00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:50,770 Here it is. 154 00:10:54,500 --> 00:10:55,990 In total, Fugger handed 155 00:10:55,990 --> 00:11:00,280 over 846,000 gold florins in bribes 156 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:01,780 to the electoral council. 157 00:11:03,200 --> 00:11:05,690 Unsurprisingly, Charles of Habsburg 158 00:11:05,690 --> 00:11:09,390 was unanimously elected Holy Roman Emperor. 159 00:11:09,390 --> 00:11:11,440 The coronation of Charles the fifth, 160 00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:13,090 Holy Roman Emperor, was scheduled 161 00:11:13,090 --> 00:11:14,910 to take place a year later. 162 00:11:20,920 --> 00:11:23,790 Francis would use this year to do whatever he could 163 00:11:23,790 --> 00:11:25,920 to stop his rival's coronation. 164 00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:29,010 I will break the emperor. 165 00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:32,730 He wasn't the only one 166 00:11:32,730 --> 00:11:34,600 intent on stopping Charles. 167 00:11:44,800 --> 00:11:46,280 King Henry the eighth of England 168 00:11:46,280 --> 00:11:49,020 usually went to war to defeat his enemies 169 00:11:49,020 --> 00:11:50,950 but his foreign minister Cardinal Wolsey 170 00:11:50,950 --> 00:11:53,420 advised him that on this occasion 171 00:11:53,420 --> 00:11:55,560 an alliance would be more beneficial. 172 00:11:57,010 --> 00:11:59,970 The devil would take such an alliance? 173 00:11:59,970 --> 00:12:02,670 War must be declared on this emperor. 174 00:12:02,670 --> 00:12:05,750 Only this will stop his hunger for power. 175 00:12:05,750 --> 00:12:07,190 Believe me, Wolsey. 176 00:12:10,840 --> 00:12:12,480 But Wolsey wanted peace 177 00:12:12,480 --> 00:12:13,820 and refused to give up. 178 00:12:14,920 --> 00:12:17,100 He eventually persuaded Henry to sign a treaty 179 00:12:17,100 --> 00:12:19,010 with France against Charles. 180 00:12:21,940 --> 00:12:25,000 Two years previously, Wolsey had brokered an agreement 181 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:26,440 between the two countries 182 00:12:26,440 --> 00:12:28,890 which promised the marriage of the eight month old Dauphin 183 00:12:28,890 --> 00:12:31,430 of France and the king of England's 184 00:12:31,430 --> 00:12:33,280 two year old daughter, Mary. 185 00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:40,910 My angel. 186 00:12:40,910 --> 00:12:42,730 See here, Wolsey. 187 00:12:44,440 --> 00:12:48,160 My most beautiful declaration of peace with France. 188 00:12:50,060 --> 00:12:51,090 Yes, my baby. 189 00:12:53,350 --> 00:12:57,980 That's right, you're not afraid, you're not afraid. 190 00:13:01,730 --> 00:13:05,400 On May 31st, 1520, south of Calais, 191 00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:08,670 a diplomatic summit between England and France was held. 192 00:13:11,460 --> 00:13:14,710 It would become known as the field of the cloth of gold. 193 00:13:16,680 --> 00:13:18,180 The king of France got ready. 194 00:13:19,110 --> 00:13:21,240 Like Henry the eighth, he had sworn 195 00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:24,130 not to shave his beard until the accord was signed. 196 00:13:27,930 --> 00:13:31,810 On June seventh, 1520, the two kings finally met. 197 00:13:45,658 --> 00:13:48,357 (laughing) 198 00:13:48,357 --> 00:13:49,650 My friend. 199 00:13:49,650 --> 00:13:51,290 My dear Francis. 200 00:13:51,290 --> 00:13:52,542 At last we meet. 201 00:13:52,542 --> 00:13:53,610 Yes. 202 00:13:54,490 --> 00:13:55,750 For three weeks, Henry 203 00:13:55,750 --> 00:13:59,550 and Francis were inseparable except at meal times. 204 00:13:59,550 --> 00:14:02,350 So great was the fear of being poisoned. 205 00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:05,600 Three centuries of war were not easily forgotten. 206 00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:07,420 Behind the scenes, their counselors 207 00:14:07,420 --> 00:14:10,150 were busy negotiating a treaty of alliance. 208 00:14:14,890 --> 00:14:18,160 500 years later, a plaque commemorates the location 209 00:14:18,160 --> 00:14:19,680 of this summit. 210 00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:21,870 The field of the cloth of gold 211 00:14:21,870 --> 00:14:24,110 remains one of the most significant meetings 212 00:14:24,110 --> 00:14:25,280 of the renaissance. 213 00:14:27,900 --> 00:14:29,500 The remarkable event was painted 214 00:14:29,500 --> 00:14:31,350 by the artist Frederick (indistinct). 215 00:14:34,397 --> 00:14:37,910 For the occasion, Henry had built a vast temporary castle 216 00:14:37,910 --> 00:14:39,270 in the village of Guinness. 217 00:14:40,370 --> 00:14:43,330 It had brick foundations with new walls, 218 00:14:43,330 --> 00:14:46,870 a painted canvas roof, and huge glass windows. 219 00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:49,790 The whole thing was decorated with great artworks. 220 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:54,000 The English king is even said 221 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:56,670 to have demanded two fountains in keeping 222 00:14:56,670 --> 00:14:59,920 with Franco-English tradition, one for wine 223 00:14:59,920 --> 00:15:01,370 and one for beer. 224 00:15:03,340 --> 00:15:05,380 The French encampment on the other side 225 00:15:05,380 --> 00:15:06,700 of the hill at (foreign word) 226 00:15:06,700 --> 00:15:08,530 was every bit as opulent. 227 00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:14,190 Francis had erected huge tents 228 00:15:14,190 --> 00:15:17,240 covered with sheets woven with gold thread 229 00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:19,900 as big as the halls of Blois Castle. 230 00:15:24,860 --> 00:15:27,040 It was an auspicious setting for the signing 231 00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:29,630 of a new treaty which would stop Charles the fifth 232 00:15:29,630 --> 00:15:30,640 being crowned. 233 00:15:32,860 --> 00:15:35,110 (laughing) 234 00:15:37,950 --> 00:15:40,140 Legend has it that Francis and Henry 235 00:15:40,140 --> 00:15:41,880 even had a wrestling match. 236 00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:53,700 After a long, fierce battle, Francis 237 00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:55,470 is believed to have lifted Henry 238 00:15:55,470 --> 00:15:57,150 before pinning him to the ground. 239 00:16:01,070 --> 00:16:03,840 This was utterly humiliating for the English monarch. 240 00:16:09,190 --> 00:16:11,340 The winner is Francis! 241 00:16:12,340 --> 00:16:13,173 Hooray. 242 00:16:17,530 --> 00:16:19,650 Flushed with victory, 243 00:16:19,650 --> 00:16:22,480 Francis had no idea how this humiliation 244 00:16:22,480 --> 00:16:24,010 would effect the alliance. 245 00:16:36,520 --> 00:16:39,740 Whether the wrestling bout ever took place or not, 246 00:16:39,740 --> 00:16:43,210 the cloth of gold summit was a waste of time. 247 00:16:43,210 --> 00:16:46,150 Francis had not sooner returned to Blois 248 00:16:46,150 --> 00:16:47,750 that he heard that Charles the fifth 249 00:16:47,750 --> 00:16:49,870 had been crowned emperor. 250 00:16:49,870 --> 00:16:52,710 Worse still, Henry the eighth and the emperor 251 00:16:52,710 --> 00:16:55,290 had formed an alliance with Pope Clement the seventh 252 00:16:55,290 --> 00:16:56,123 against him. 253 00:16:59,250 --> 00:17:04,250 In 1521, Charles attacked French-held Milan and won. 254 00:17:05,840 --> 00:17:07,440 Francis was furious. 255 00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:11,210 One year later, Francis sent his troops 256 00:17:11,210 --> 00:17:15,490 to reconquer the town but it was a disaster. 257 00:17:20,110 --> 00:17:22,360 Francis refused to accept defeat. 258 00:17:23,890 --> 00:17:26,190 He decided to join his men in battle. 259 00:17:32,690 --> 00:17:36,920 On July 23rd, the king went to the abbey of Saint Denis 260 00:17:36,920 --> 00:17:40,990 to perform the ritual which preceded all military campaigns. 261 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:52,930 He placed the relics of Saint Denis on the altar 262 00:17:52,930 --> 00:17:54,440 and prayed for victory. 263 00:17:56,870 --> 00:17:59,960 Less than a month later on August 17th, 264 00:17:59,960 --> 00:18:03,360 having named his mother Louise of Savoy as regent, 265 00:18:03,360 --> 00:18:04,650 he set off to fight. 266 00:18:09,490 --> 00:18:12,990 In late 1523, heading for Milan, 267 00:18:12,990 --> 00:18:14,610 he crossed the alps and 268 00:18:14,610 --> 00:18:16,550 annihilated a weakened imperial army 269 00:18:22,732 --> 00:18:25,360 but in the fight, he lost his most trusted captain, 270 00:18:25,360 --> 00:18:28,060 Pierre (indistinct) who was the hero 271 00:18:28,060 --> 00:18:31,470 of the battle of Marignon and said to be fearless 272 00:18:31,470 --> 00:18:33,070 and beyond reproach. 273 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:41,420 Soldiers, forward! 274 00:18:45,221 --> 00:18:49,120 Even without Pierre, in late October, 1524, 275 00:18:49,120 --> 00:18:52,230 the French king and his army managed to retake Milan. 276 00:18:55,190 --> 00:18:57,560 Emboldened by his victory, Francis 277 00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:00,520 turned his attention to the occupied town of Pavia. 278 00:19:06,630 --> 00:19:09,030 On the night of February 23rd, 1525, 279 00:19:10,533 --> 00:19:13,780 23,000 imperial soldiers pulled white tunics 280 00:19:13,780 --> 00:19:16,140 over their armor as a rallying sign. 281 00:19:23,917 --> 00:19:26,750 (swords clanking) 282 00:19:35,079 --> 00:19:38,130 In just a few hours, over 30,000 French soldiers 283 00:19:38,130 --> 00:19:40,340 overwhelmed Charles the fifth's army. 284 00:19:48,080 --> 00:19:49,470 By eight o'clock in the morning, 285 00:19:49,470 --> 00:19:52,040 Francis was convinced that the battle was won 286 00:19:52,970 --> 00:19:55,723 but he had not noticed that a Spanish rear guard 287 00:19:55,723 --> 00:19:57,810 was firing on his troops. 288 00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:03,330 In less than four hours, the French army 289 00:20:03,330 --> 00:20:04,880 was all but annihilated. 290 00:20:08,150 --> 00:20:10,620 Pavia was a catastrophic massacre. 291 00:20:12,020 --> 00:20:14,110 9,000 lives were lost 292 00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:20,610 but Francis refused to surrender. 293 00:20:20,610 --> 00:20:22,230 He fought on valiantly. 294 00:20:28,320 --> 00:20:29,470 It's the king! 295 00:20:35,010 --> 00:20:38,210 Despite his bravery, Francis fell, defeated. 296 00:20:42,880 --> 00:20:47,350 He had sustained injuries to his face and hand. 297 00:20:56,810 --> 00:20:59,140 For the third time in France's history, 298 00:20:59,140 --> 00:21:02,030 after Saint Louis and John the Good, 299 00:21:02,030 --> 00:21:03,700 the king was taken prisoner. 300 00:21:24,070 --> 00:21:25,960 Charles the fifth learned of his victory 301 00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:27,980 while he was in Toledo. 302 00:21:27,980 --> 00:21:30,330 He allowed his prisoner to write to his mother. 303 00:21:36,660 --> 00:21:40,970 All that has been left to me 304 00:21:43,810 --> 00:21:46,690 is my honor and my life. 305 00:22:03,056 --> 00:22:04,410 Francis prayed that someone 306 00:22:04,410 --> 00:22:07,440 would pay a ransom to secure his freedom 307 00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:11,120 but the emperor didn't want money, he wanted Burgundy. 308 00:22:11,120 --> 00:22:12,830 The territory had once belonged 309 00:22:12,830 --> 00:22:15,800 to his great grandfather Charles the Bold. 310 00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:17,620 He also wanted the Valois dynasty 311 00:22:17,620 --> 00:22:20,560 to renounce all claims to Italy once and for all. 312 00:22:20,560 --> 00:22:22,210 Francis refused. 313 00:22:22,210 --> 00:22:24,420 He wrote these words to the emperor. 314 00:22:24,420 --> 00:22:26,520 I'm resolved to tolerate incarceration 315 00:22:26,520 --> 00:22:28,240 for as long as God wills it 316 00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:31,360 rather than accept terms which are harmful to my realm. 317 00:22:33,830 --> 00:22:35,230 Cursed be the French king! 318 00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:39,400 Charles was livid. 319 00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:41,010 Nothing was more important to him 320 00:22:41,010 --> 00:22:42,900 than recovering the lands which had belonged 321 00:22:42,900 --> 00:22:44,110 to his ancestors. 322 00:22:51,010 --> 00:22:54,330 Francis asked to meet the emperor face to face 323 00:22:54,330 --> 00:22:57,530 but Charles the fifth refused his prisoner's request. 324 00:22:59,530 --> 00:23:02,000 With King Francis behind bars, 325 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:05,200 the kingdom was now more vulnerable than ever. 326 00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:07,900 Enemies, both near and far, began to circle. 327 00:23:16,380 --> 00:23:19,720 The regent, Louise of Savoy, tried desperately 328 00:23:19,720 --> 00:23:21,900 to hold on to the reigns of power 329 00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:25,500 while also desperately trying to secure her son's release. 330 00:23:26,438 --> 00:23:28,980 It was an almost impossible task. 331 00:23:46,590 --> 00:23:50,810 In Spain, the French king fell seriously ill. 332 00:23:50,810 --> 00:23:54,410 He had migraines, fevers, and intense pains 333 00:23:54,410 --> 00:23:55,500 throughout his body. 334 00:23:58,580 --> 00:24:02,040 At the end of the summer, after six months behind bars, 335 00:24:02,040 --> 00:24:03,840 he was thought to be close to death. 336 00:24:32,090 --> 00:24:35,000 His mother and sister were deeply concerned 337 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:37,360 but as regent, Louise of Savoy 338 00:24:37,360 --> 00:24:39,830 couldn't leave the kingdom so she turned 339 00:24:39,830 --> 00:24:41,090 to Margaret for help. 340 00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:50,850 My child, only you can save your brother. 341 00:24:52,090 --> 00:24:53,380 Bring us back our king. 342 00:24:54,968 --> 00:24:55,890 Yes, mother. 343 00:25:09,810 --> 00:25:11,430 Charles the fifth gave Margaret 344 00:25:11,430 --> 00:25:14,390 of Valois special dispensation to enter Spain. 345 00:25:15,650 --> 00:25:17,650 She hurried to her brother's sick bed. 346 00:25:25,570 --> 00:25:27,450 Francis seemed to be at death's door. 347 00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:31,880 He'd lost a lot of weight and was tormented by fever. 348 00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:35,530 He was so sick he was unable to eat or drink. 349 00:25:41,190 --> 00:25:43,710 His sister nursed her brother day and night. 350 00:25:47,540 --> 00:25:50,020 Margaret was a devout catholic. 351 00:25:50,020 --> 00:25:52,270 She prayed desperately for her brother 352 00:25:52,270 --> 00:25:54,030 and held mass in his cell. 353 00:25:57,580 --> 00:25:59,170 The body of Christ. 354 00:26:04,490 --> 00:26:05,740 As day broke 355 00:26:07,003 --> 00:26:09,253 (coughing) 356 00:26:10,660 --> 00:26:13,130 the king opened his eyes. 357 00:26:13,130 --> 00:26:13,963 Francis. 358 00:26:17,270 --> 00:26:19,450 Open your mouth to receive communion. 359 00:26:25,490 --> 00:26:26,323 Sister. 360 00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:31,990 The fever seemed to have mysteriously stopped. 361 00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:41,130 Across Europe, the king of France's recovery 362 00:26:41,130 --> 00:26:42,900 was seen as a miracle. 363 00:26:42,900 --> 00:26:43,900 Thank you, sister. 364 00:26:45,010 --> 00:26:46,450 Be brave. 365 00:26:46,450 --> 00:26:49,060 After suffering for 24 days 366 00:26:49,060 --> 00:26:51,470 he was almost back to full health. 367 00:26:51,470 --> 00:26:54,680 Margaret could now fulfill the other part of her mission. 368 00:27:04,506 --> 00:27:08,920 On October third, 1525, she arrived in Toledo 369 00:27:08,920 --> 00:27:10,770 to negotiate with Charles the fifth 370 00:27:12,740 --> 00:27:15,860 but the emperor went back on his promise to meet her. 371 00:27:15,860 --> 00:27:19,080 This was a huge insult to the sister of the French king. 372 00:27:21,870 --> 00:27:24,230 After having waited several hours, 373 00:27:24,230 --> 00:27:27,530 Charles the fifth's ministers finally agreed to see her. 374 00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:41,970 Margaret was young, intelligent, and very persuasive. 375 00:27:45,770 --> 00:27:48,650 She soon became popular in the Spanish court. 376 00:28:05,640 --> 00:28:08,230 Charles the fifth finally granted her an audience. 377 00:28:20,450 --> 00:28:22,090 Your king is stubborn, madame. 378 00:28:22,980 --> 00:28:24,300 He gets what he deserves. 379 00:28:25,880 --> 00:28:28,180 Margaret refused to be intimidated. 380 00:28:28,180 --> 00:28:30,480 She offered Charles the Duchy of Burgundy 381 00:28:30,480 --> 00:28:32,170 along with a substantial ransom 382 00:28:32,170 --> 00:28:34,400 to secure her brother's freedom. 383 00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:35,233 Listen to me. 384 00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:40,620 Either King Francis accepts the terms of the treaty 385 00:28:40,620 --> 00:28:43,840 or he spends the rest of his life in prison. 386 00:28:50,850 --> 00:28:52,590 Margaret had failed 387 00:28:52,590 --> 00:28:55,610 but she refused to let her brother rot in prison. 388 00:28:55,610 --> 00:28:59,190 If the emperor wouldn't set Francis free, she would. 389 00:29:08,270 --> 00:29:11,260 Every night at the same time, a servant 390 00:29:11,260 --> 00:29:12,980 brought the French king firewood. 391 00:29:17,010 --> 00:29:19,310 Margaret noticed that the man came and went 392 00:29:19,310 --> 00:29:21,500 without attracting the guard's attention. 393 00:29:21,500 --> 00:29:22,880 This gave her an idea. 394 00:29:39,150 --> 00:29:42,140 She asked him to swap clothes with the king. 395 00:29:46,660 --> 00:29:49,080 It was a very risky strategy. 396 00:29:49,080 --> 00:29:52,200 If she were caught, Margaret would be thrown in prison 397 00:29:54,190 --> 00:29:56,690 but she would risk everything to free her brother. 398 00:29:58,740 --> 00:30:00,290 The plan was simple. 399 00:30:00,290 --> 00:30:02,050 Francis would slip out of his cell 400 00:30:02,050 --> 00:30:03,780 disguised as the valet. 401 00:30:05,180 --> 00:30:06,340 What do you think? 402 00:30:06,340 --> 00:30:07,690 I think it'll be perfect. 403 00:30:12,580 --> 00:30:15,380 Not forgetting to darken his skin with soot. 404 00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:21,320 (banging) 405 00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:23,840 Guards, guards! 406 00:30:24,900 --> 00:30:25,870 Guards, guards! 407 00:30:26,890 --> 00:30:28,770 Guards, he's escaping! 408 00:30:28,770 --> 00:30:30,610 Their plan had been rumbled 409 00:30:46,882 --> 00:30:49,740 but Charles the fifth didn't imprison Margaret. 410 00:30:49,740 --> 00:30:52,440 He allowed her to return home to her mother in France. 411 00:30:59,790 --> 00:31:02,210 Louis of Savoy was now so concerned 412 00:31:02,210 --> 00:31:05,690 for her son's life and the future of the kingdom 413 00:31:05,690 --> 00:31:08,380 that she wrote to Francois, begging him 414 00:31:08,380 --> 00:31:10,690 to agree to the emperor's demands. 415 00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:26,000 On January 14th, 1526, with a very heavy heart 416 00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:28,610 Francis signed the Treaty of Madrid. 417 00:31:34,290 --> 00:31:38,470 He renounced any claims to Artois and Flanders. 418 00:31:38,470 --> 00:31:42,330 He surrendered Burgundy and abandoned any aspirations 419 00:31:42,330 --> 00:31:43,810 to the Duchy of Milan. 420 00:31:46,830 --> 00:31:49,290 To make him honor the terms of the treaty, 421 00:31:49,290 --> 00:31:53,010 Charles forced Francois to hand over his two sons 422 00:31:53,010 --> 00:31:57,330 as hostages, the eight year old Dauphin Francis 423 00:31:57,330 --> 00:31:59,700 and his six year old brother Henry. 424 00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:07,110 No sooner had Francis returned to France 425 00:32:07,110 --> 00:32:09,350 that he raised an army against the emperor. 426 00:32:18,350 --> 00:32:20,180 Charles' response to this treachery 427 00:32:20,180 --> 00:32:22,980 was to strip the French princes of all comforts. 428 00:32:28,270 --> 00:32:31,290 They were imprisoned in a dark, damp room 429 00:32:31,290 --> 00:32:34,040 with no furniture other than two stools 430 00:32:34,040 --> 00:32:35,430 and straw mattresses. 431 00:32:40,250 --> 00:32:43,670 The boys were abandoned and had no one to talk to. 432 00:32:45,810 --> 00:32:49,320 As the days turned to months and months to years 433 00:32:50,270 --> 00:32:52,970 the youngest son, Henry, forgot 434 00:32:52,970 --> 00:32:54,650 how to speak his native tongue. 435 00:33:11,870 --> 00:33:14,150 Louise of Savoy was devastated 436 00:33:14,150 --> 00:33:16,350 when she was told of the terrible conditions 437 00:33:16,350 --> 00:33:18,130 her grandsons were being held. 438 00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:22,170 She tried desperately to secure their freedom 439 00:33:22,170 --> 00:33:24,010 but all diplomacy failed. 440 00:33:25,070 --> 00:33:27,240 There was only one option. 441 00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:28,640 Take them by force. 442 00:33:31,530 --> 00:33:36,530 In May 1526, King Francis formed the holy league of Cognac. 443 00:33:38,150 --> 00:33:40,020 It was an anti-Spanish alliance 444 00:33:40,020 --> 00:33:43,830 which brought together France, England, the papacy, 445 00:33:43,830 --> 00:33:46,610 and the cities of Milan, Florence, and Venice. 446 00:33:47,820 --> 00:33:51,590 Their common enemy, the overambitious Charles the fifth. 447 00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:56,600 The emperor was furious at his enemies' alliance. 448 00:33:56,600 --> 00:34:00,550 On May sixth, 1527, he sent 12,000 men 449 00:34:00,550 --> 00:34:02,190 to attack the city of Rome. 450 00:34:03,460 --> 00:34:06,170 Pope Clement was forced to flee the Vatican. 451 00:34:06,170 --> 00:34:08,310 One month later he was caught. 452 00:34:08,310 --> 00:34:12,810 In exchange for his life, he gave Charles 400,000 ducats 453 00:34:12,810 --> 00:34:13,890 and the city of Rome. 454 00:34:17,980 --> 00:34:19,690 The defeat led to the dissolution 455 00:34:19,690 --> 00:34:21,860 of the holy league of Cognac 456 00:34:21,860 --> 00:34:25,480 and an isolated Francis lost battle after battle. 457 00:34:31,050 --> 00:34:33,440 After more than a year of fighting 458 00:34:33,440 --> 00:34:36,440 Francis was ready to sue for peace. 459 00:34:36,440 --> 00:34:40,640 He refused to stoop so low as to negotiate himself. 460 00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:42,970 His mother led the negotiations 461 00:34:42,970 --> 00:34:46,410 with Charles the fifth's aunt Margaret of Austria. 462 00:34:48,590 --> 00:34:50,900 In August 1529, the treaty known 463 00:34:50,900 --> 00:34:53,240 as the Ladies Peace was signed at Cambrai. 464 00:34:54,910 --> 00:34:57,650 As with the Madrid Treaty three years earlier, 465 00:34:57,650 --> 00:34:59,970 France pledged to renounce any claims 466 00:34:59,970 --> 00:35:03,430 to Artois and Flanders, give up Burgundy, 467 00:35:03,430 --> 00:35:06,660 and the town of Tournai in the north of the kingdom 468 00:35:06,660 --> 00:35:08,640 and give up any rights to Italy. 469 00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:11,940 In any case, the last of the Sforzas 470 00:35:11,940 --> 00:35:14,710 had been restored in Milan with the obligation 471 00:35:14,710 --> 00:35:17,490 of returning the duchy to Spain on his death. 472 00:35:22,090 --> 00:35:26,130 France had lost Italy and to make matters worse 473 00:35:26,130 --> 00:35:28,490 the heir to the throne and his brother 474 00:35:28,490 --> 00:35:31,610 were still held hostage in Spain. 475 00:35:31,610 --> 00:35:33,560 In exchange for their freedom, 476 00:35:33,560 --> 00:35:35,320 Charles the fifth demanded a ransom 477 00:35:35,320 --> 00:35:38,880 of two million gold crowns but France's treasury 478 00:35:38,880 --> 00:35:40,030 was almost empty. 479 00:35:45,460 --> 00:35:46,760 What are we going to do? 480 00:35:48,130 --> 00:35:50,220 Lord, this is a difficult decision. 481 00:36:00,240 --> 00:36:01,220 Let me think. 482 00:36:20,390 --> 00:36:21,690 We don't have much choice. 483 00:36:22,780 --> 00:36:24,430 We must pay the emperor to ensure the freedom 484 00:36:24,430 --> 00:36:25,980 of the Dauphin and his brother. 485 00:36:27,830 --> 00:36:30,480 Lord, your mistake at Pavia cost us dearly. 486 00:36:39,410 --> 00:36:41,530 Raising the funds for the huge ransom 487 00:36:41,530 --> 00:36:42,950 was all but impossible 488 00:36:45,580 --> 00:36:49,270 but Louise was determined to free her grandsons. 489 00:36:49,270 --> 00:36:51,760 She turned to the citizens of France for help. 490 00:36:59,776 --> 00:37:03,800 She imposed a special tax on the population for one year. 491 00:37:04,890 --> 00:37:06,590 Eventually, there was enough money 492 00:37:06,590 --> 00:37:09,040 to free the young princes. 493 00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:10,910 Francis was now 13. 494 00:37:10,910 --> 00:37:12,810 Henry was 11. 495 00:37:14,470 --> 00:37:17,410 On July sixth, after five long years 496 00:37:17,410 --> 00:37:18,850 Ah, my sons. 497 00:37:20,570 --> 00:37:22,900 Francis's sons were returned to him. 498 00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:24,670 I missed you both. 499 00:37:24,670 --> 00:37:27,450 Look at me, haven't you grown? 500 00:37:27,450 --> 00:37:30,130 And you, what a fine young man you are. 501 00:37:38,220 --> 00:37:40,050 In return, as imposed 502 00:37:40,050 --> 00:37:41,300 by the Treaty of Cambrai, 503 00:37:42,180 --> 00:37:45,060 Francis married the emperor's daughter, 504 00:37:45,060 --> 00:37:46,500 Eleanor of Habsburg. 505 00:37:47,890 --> 00:37:50,840 Francis and Charles the fifth were now brothers-in-law 506 00:37:54,670 --> 00:37:56,700 but Francis still harbored ambitions 507 00:37:56,700 --> 00:37:58,230 to overthrow the emperor. 508 00:38:00,927 --> 00:38:04,130 So despite the treachery of the past 509 00:38:04,130 --> 00:38:05,960 he once again approached Henry the eighth, 510 00:38:05,960 --> 00:38:06,910 king of England. 511 00:38:09,490 --> 00:38:12,310 12 years after the field of the cloth of gold, 512 00:38:12,310 --> 00:38:15,030 Henry the eighth and Francis met 513 00:38:15,030 --> 00:38:18,800 between French held Bologna and English held Calais. 514 00:38:20,530 --> 00:38:22,960 The French king proudly introduced his children 515 00:38:22,960 --> 00:38:25,140 to his English ally. 516 00:38:25,140 --> 00:38:27,150 What fine sons. 517 00:38:27,150 --> 00:38:28,390 Congratulations. 518 00:38:31,730 --> 00:38:33,180 Henry was also keen 519 00:38:33,180 --> 00:38:36,500 to introduce the French king to someone dear to him, 520 00:38:36,500 --> 00:38:38,970 his beautiful mistress Anne Boleyn. 521 00:38:39,870 --> 00:38:42,900 She was in fact the real reason for Henry's visit. 522 00:38:44,670 --> 00:38:46,290 She has stolen my heart. 523 00:38:50,750 --> 00:38:51,790 My beloved Anne. 524 00:38:54,496 --> 00:38:56,910 Anne Boleyn was beautiful, intelligent, 525 00:38:56,910 --> 00:38:59,380 and fiercely ambitious. 526 00:38:59,380 --> 00:39:01,860 She had been educated in the French courts 527 00:39:01,860 --> 00:39:03,990 and had completely bewitched Henry. 528 00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:09,030 Henry wanted Francis to persuade the pope 529 00:39:09,030 --> 00:39:10,880 to allow him to annul his marriage 530 00:39:10,880 --> 00:39:13,900 to Catherine of Aragon so he could wed Anne 531 00:39:18,960 --> 00:39:21,580 but to gain Francis's support, 532 00:39:21,580 --> 00:39:23,000 Anne had to win the approval 533 00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:24,750 of the whole French royal family. 534 00:39:25,950 --> 00:39:28,610 Not just the king but his sister 535 00:39:28,610 --> 00:39:31,320 and his new wife Eleanor of Habsburg 536 00:39:33,710 --> 00:39:35,330 but Francis refused to allow them 537 00:39:35,330 --> 00:39:38,980 to meet a woman considered by many to be a whore. 538 00:39:38,980 --> 00:39:39,850 Don't touch me. 539 00:39:42,240 --> 00:39:44,060 When Anne got wind of this 540 00:39:44,060 --> 00:39:45,850 she felt deeply offended. 541 00:39:58,030 --> 00:40:00,740 For six days, Henry and Francis ate, 542 00:40:00,740 --> 00:40:02,560 drank, and were entertained. 543 00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:14,840 During the final banquet, Anne, 544 00:40:14,840 --> 00:40:17,730 her face hidden behind a mask, danced 545 00:40:17,730 --> 00:40:19,020 for the two sovereigns. 546 00:40:20,150 --> 00:40:22,990 It was her last chance to charm Francis. 547 00:40:36,950 --> 00:40:38,760 Her gamble paid off. 548 00:40:38,760 --> 00:40:41,200 The French king thanked her publicly 549 00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:43,080 signaling his approval. 550 00:40:53,270 --> 00:40:55,457 Do you, Lady Anne Boleyn, take this man-- 551 00:40:55,457 --> 00:40:57,700 Two weeks later, Henry 552 00:40:57,700 --> 00:41:00,160 and Anne are believed to have married in secret. 553 00:41:01,720 --> 00:41:03,840 Do you, Henry the eighth, take this lady 554 00:41:03,840 --> 00:41:05,694 to be your lawfully wedded wife? 555 00:41:05,694 --> 00:41:06,527 I do. 556 00:41:07,760 --> 00:41:09,490 The hasty ceremony is believed 557 00:41:09,490 --> 00:41:12,090 to have been rushed forward to cover up the fact 558 00:41:12,090 --> 00:41:14,930 that Henry's mistress was already pregnant. 559 00:41:25,290 --> 00:41:27,800 After three years of peace in Europe 560 00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:30,670 Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, 561 00:41:30,670 --> 00:41:34,080 died without having sired a male heir. 562 00:41:34,080 --> 00:41:37,610 In accordance with the terms of the Cambria Ladies Treaty, 563 00:41:37,610 --> 00:41:40,120 Charles the fifth could now add the duchy 564 00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:41,680 of Milan to his empire 565 00:41:48,586 --> 00:41:51,130 but the king of France had not given up on Italy. 566 00:41:54,780 --> 00:41:58,260 In February 1536, Francis the first 567 00:41:58,260 --> 00:42:01,290 sent an army to invade Savoy so that he 568 00:42:01,290 --> 00:42:04,090 could trade it for the duchy of Milan 569 00:42:04,090 --> 00:42:05,980 but Charles the fifth had sent troops 570 00:42:05,980 --> 00:42:06,930 to attack Provence. 571 00:42:17,370 --> 00:42:20,420 As war started to rage again, tragedy 572 00:42:20,420 --> 00:42:22,730 struck at the heart of the kingdom of France. 573 00:42:32,160 --> 00:42:36,770 On August 10th, 1536, Francis the Dauphin 574 00:42:36,770 --> 00:42:39,130 died suddenly at the age of 18. 575 00:42:40,470 --> 00:42:42,358 Immediately rumors began to spread 576 00:42:42,358 --> 00:42:44,686 that he'd been poisoned or that he 577 00:42:44,686 --> 00:42:47,721 had died of tuberculosis, a consequence 578 00:42:47,721 --> 00:42:50,080 of his incarceration in Spain. 579 00:42:55,820 --> 00:42:59,340 In mourning and at war, Francis's kingdom, 580 00:42:59,340 --> 00:43:01,270 just like Charles the fifth's empire, 581 00:43:01,270 --> 00:43:03,380 had to face up to a lack of money. 582 00:43:04,610 --> 00:43:06,490 Conflicts would have to stop. 583 00:43:14,620 --> 00:43:17,750 In 1538, the king and the emperor 584 00:43:17,750 --> 00:43:20,210 decided to start negotiating once more. 585 00:43:21,190 --> 00:43:24,400 After several weeks of haggling in Nice, 586 00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,160 the two men made their new friendship public 587 00:43:27,160 --> 00:43:29,780 at (indistinct) in the south of France. 588 00:43:30,630 --> 00:43:34,170 For the first time, both men signed a 10 year truce 589 00:43:34,170 --> 00:43:37,260 during which each would hold on to his territories 590 00:43:37,260 --> 00:43:39,840 while pledging not to go to war again. 591 00:43:41,710 --> 00:43:44,020 Charles the fifth kept Milan 592 00:43:44,020 --> 00:43:46,410 and kept hold of his empire but officially 593 00:43:46,410 --> 00:43:48,720 renounced any claim to the French throne. 594 00:43:50,440 --> 00:43:53,370 This was a real triumph for Francis the first 595 00:43:53,370 --> 00:43:56,620 who consolidated France' central role in Europe 596 00:43:56,620 --> 00:43:59,230 and left an indelible mark on the kingdom. 597 00:44:10,330 --> 00:44:12,890 But in 1547, the king of France 598 00:44:12,890 --> 00:44:14,470 was riven with sickness. 599 00:44:15,410 --> 00:44:18,890 He was 52 and suffering from migraines, 600 00:44:18,890 --> 00:44:21,210 gout, and an ailment caused 601 00:44:21,210 --> 00:44:24,580 by his serial infidelity, syphilis. 602 00:44:27,290 --> 00:44:29,150 Prayers were said for him. 603 00:44:29,150 --> 00:44:31,570 Masses were performed by his bedside 604 00:44:31,570 --> 00:44:34,130 in the presence of his beloved sister Margaret. 605 00:44:37,860 --> 00:44:41,070 From his deathbed, Francis called for his son 606 00:44:41,070 --> 00:44:43,440 and now heir to the throne, Henry. 607 00:44:58,570 --> 00:45:00,320 I've been a great sinner, my son. 608 00:45:03,880 --> 00:45:05,440 Passion has led me astray. 609 00:45:13,470 --> 00:45:18,470 If I have done good things, follow that example. 610 00:45:20,670 --> 00:45:21,503 Be a man. 611 00:45:27,840 --> 00:45:32,030 In the early hours of March the 31st, 1547, 612 00:45:32,030 --> 00:45:35,080 King Francis the first breathed his last. 613 00:45:36,070 --> 00:45:38,870 His son became King Henry the second. 614 00:45:41,570 --> 00:45:44,820 Alongside his lifelong enemy, Charles the fifth, 615 00:45:44,820 --> 00:45:46,400 Francis the first remains one 616 00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:49,020 of the most powerful monarchs of the Christian era. 617 00:45:56,580 --> 00:45:59,550 From 1540 onwards, the emperor, too, 618 00:45:59,550 --> 00:46:01,200 was beginning to ail. 619 00:46:01,200 --> 00:46:03,380 He was terribly afflicted with gout. 620 00:46:05,730 --> 00:46:07,960 Four years later, he handed over the reigns 621 00:46:07,960 --> 00:46:11,320 of the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand. 622 00:46:12,180 --> 00:46:15,780 Then in October 1555, he passed sovereignty 623 00:46:15,780 --> 00:46:18,580 over the Netherlands to his son Philip of Spain. 624 00:46:23,040 --> 00:46:26,480 Charles the fifth's abdication shocked all of Europe. 625 00:46:26,480 --> 00:46:28,770 From his Spanish retreat, he relied 626 00:46:28,770 --> 00:46:31,470 on his brother and his son to carry on his work 627 00:46:32,680 --> 00:46:35,840 but the Habsburg dynasty was to be divided forever. 628 00:46:40,450 --> 00:46:45,450 He died on September 21st, 1558 at the age of 58, 629 00:46:45,640 --> 00:46:47,690 11 years after Francis the first. 630 00:46:51,643 --> 00:46:54,393 (dramatic music)