1 00:00:00,241 --> 00:00:01,400 (rapid drumming) 2 00:00:01,400 --> 00:00:05,140 Our world is undergoing profound change. 3 00:00:05,140 --> 00:00:08,490 Science and technology are transforming our lives 4 00:00:08,490 --> 00:00:09,840 with dizzying speed. 5 00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:13,420 Astonishing innovations are ushering in 6 00:00:13,420 --> 00:00:15,310 a new era of opportunity. 7 00:00:16,740 --> 00:00:19,660 The high tech revolution is fueling creativity 8 00:00:19,660 --> 00:00:23,760 around the globe, inspiring visionary solutions. 9 00:00:26,060 --> 00:00:30,070 So open your eyes and get ready for an amazing journey 10 00:00:30,070 --> 00:00:33,648 to 2050 to Dream the Future. 11 00:00:33,648 --> 00:00:36,648 (bright warm music) 12 00:00:47,553 --> 00:00:50,470 (mysterious music) 13 00:00:52,560 --> 00:00:55,393 (energetic music) 14 00:01:05,609 --> 00:01:09,570 Whether for work, to move goods, or just for fun, 15 00:01:12,040 --> 00:01:14,530 we are always on the move. 16 00:01:14,530 --> 00:01:17,666 Transportation rules our lives. 17 00:01:17,666 --> 00:01:18,870 (airplane whirring overhead) 18 00:01:18,870 --> 00:01:21,320 How we feel about transportation, how long it takes, 19 00:01:21,320 --> 00:01:24,410 how angry it makes us, how happy it makes us 20 00:01:24,410 --> 00:01:26,910 really makes your life good or bad. 21 00:01:27,790 --> 00:01:30,870 Today, the situation is critical. 22 00:01:30,870 --> 00:01:33,040 CO2 emissions are skyrocketing. 23 00:01:33,890 --> 00:01:36,040 Climate change, a reality. 24 00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:40,240 Our existing modes of transport have reached their limits, 25 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:42,550 so what will happen in 2050, 26 00:01:42,550 --> 00:01:44,830 with more than nine billion people, 27 00:01:44,830 --> 00:01:47,090 most of them in urban areas? 28 00:01:48,590 --> 00:01:51,130 Think about how different New York, 29 00:01:51,130 --> 00:01:54,030 or Paris, or Milan, or Singapore, for that matter, 30 00:01:54,030 --> 00:01:57,340 would be if we were to remove eight cars out of 10, 31 00:01:57,340 --> 00:02:00,030 and still take everybody to destination 32 00:02:00,030 --> 00:02:01,780 exactly when they need to be there. 33 00:02:03,310 --> 00:02:07,310 Traveling faster, further, for less money, 34 00:02:07,310 --> 00:02:08,550 is this fantasy? 35 00:02:10,080 --> 00:02:12,506 Has science fiction got it right? 36 00:02:12,506 --> 00:02:14,839 (screaming) 37 00:02:16,158 --> 00:02:18,408 (whirring) 38 00:02:19,300 --> 00:02:23,050 In the third millennium, we must reinvent our transportation 39 00:02:23,050 --> 00:02:25,870 to meet new demographic, economic, 40 00:02:25,870 --> 00:02:28,720 and above all, environmental challenges. 41 00:02:31,846 --> 00:02:34,370 (bright music) 42 00:02:34,370 --> 00:02:37,830 The future you're about to discover is astonishing. 43 00:02:39,540 --> 00:02:42,380 Inventors around the world are writing the tale 44 00:02:42,380 --> 00:02:44,410 of tomorrow's transportation. 45 00:02:46,241 --> 00:02:47,820 [Didier's Translator] I wanted to disrupt things 46 00:02:47,820 --> 00:02:49,628 and change the way we fly. 47 00:02:49,628 --> 00:02:51,120 (Didier speaking in foreign language) 48 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:53,430 If I close my eyes, then I'll see ships 49 00:02:53,430 --> 00:02:56,500 that are not only propelled by diesel engines, 50 00:02:56,500 --> 00:03:00,660 but are using the natural powers of the wind, sun, 51 00:03:00,660 --> 00:03:04,040 and any other power that we can come up with. 52 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:09,040 I think, in many ways, we will be going back to the values 53 00:03:09,240 --> 00:03:12,670 that you found in cities before the car, 54 00:03:12,670 --> 00:03:15,090 but will take advantage of all these new systems, 55 00:03:15,090 --> 00:03:16,750 and all these new technologies. 56 00:03:18,010 --> 00:03:20,430 These visionaries follow in the footsteps 57 00:03:20,430 --> 00:03:24,080 of innovators who, since the dawn of humankind, 58 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:25,680 have dreamed the future. 59 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:30,930 By standing up four million years ago, 60 00:03:30,930 --> 00:03:32,640 one of our ancestors triggered 61 00:03:32,640 --> 00:03:35,130 the first revolution in transportation. 62 00:03:35,970 --> 00:03:39,410 Since then, we humans have never stopped inventing 63 00:03:39,410 --> 00:03:40,980 new ways to get around. 64 00:03:42,846 --> 00:03:44,520 (bright playful music) 65 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:46,300 We've built canoes, 66 00:03:46,300 --> 00:03:49,490 then added sails more than 5,000 years ago. 67 00:03:52,340 --> 00:03:54,750 On land, the invention of the wheel 68 00:03:54,750 --> 00:03:57,090 was the ultimate game changer. 69 00:03:57,090 --> 00:03:59,170 Chariots and carriages have become 70 00:03:59,170 --> 00:04:02,060 increasingly sophisticated over the centuries. 71 00:04:02,060 --> 00:04:04,893 (horses trotting) 72 00:04:05,730 --> 00:04:08,350 Going new and distant places, 73 00:04:08,350 --> 00:04:12,440 this dream continues to fuel innovation and ingenuity, 74 00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:14,860 whatever the chosen path. 75 00:04:14,860 --> 00:04:17,620 In the 11th century, the Chinese compass 76 00:04:17,620 --> 00:04:20,620 revolutionized ocean navigation. 77 00:04:20,620 --> 00:04:24,400 Now we could conquer the world without getting lost. 78 00:04:25,930 --> 00:04:30,090 Achieving this took countless dreamers and curious minds 79 00:04:30,090 --> 00:04:33,580 encountering other curious minds on their journeys. 80 00:04:34,560 --> 00:04:36,730 Travel really is broadening. 81 00:04:38,940 --> 00:04:42,460 In 1769, Nicolas Cugnot invented 82 00:04:42,460 --> 00:04:45,370 the first steam-powered vehicle. 83 00:04:45,370 --> 00:04:47,380 Other inventors dreamed of leaving 84 00:04:47,380 --> 00:04:49,470 the Earth behind entirely. 85 00:04:51,420 --> 00:04:56,090 In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was underway. 86 00:04:56,090 --> 00:04:57,560 Everything accelerated. 87 00:04:58,770 --> 00:05:01,430 Passenger trains lept to the front of the line. 88 00:05:02,498 --> 00:05:06,930 Etienne Lenoir gave us the internal combustion engine, 89 00:05:06,930 --> 00:05:09,970 Gustave Trouve , the electric vehicle, 90 00:05:09,970 --> 00:05:13,720 and Karl Benz put a gasoline engine into an automobile. 91 00:05:14,740 --> 00:05:18,320 For his part, Clement Ader took to the sky. 92 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:24,320 Throughout the 20th century, ever-increasing numbers 93 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:27,585 of passengers and goods traveled around the world. 94 00:05:27,585 --> 00:05:30,252 (horns blaring) 95 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:34,650 Traffic flows have become so extensive 96 00:05:34,650 --> 00:05:35,920 that we might need to get back 97 00:05:35,920 --> 00:05:38,022 to something a little quieter. 98 00:05:38,022 --> 00:05:41,939 (speaking in foreign language) 99 00:05:43,260 --> 00:05:45,780 Quieter, but how? 100 00:05:45,780 --> 00:05:48,520 How can we reduce congestion in mega cities 101 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:49,901 that keep growing? 102 00:05:49,901 --> 00:05:50,870 (horn honking) 103 00:05:50,870 --> 00:05:53,980 Urban travel often causes stress and worry. 104 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:59,290 Moving more and more people around, 105 00:05:59,290 --> 00:06:02,090 creating a complex infrastructure, 106 00:06:02,090 --> 00:06:05,760 managing accidents and pollution, none of it is easy. 107 00:06:09,340 --> 00:06:12,280 Science fiction has promised us flying cars. 108 00:06:13,540 --> 00:06:15,410 Are they a realistic solution? 109 00:06:16,624 --> 00:06:20,148 (flying cars whooshing) 110 00:06:20,148 --> 00:06:21,452 (screaming) 111 00:06:21,452 --> 00:06:24,035 (horn honking) 112 00:06:24,967 --> 00:06:26,150 What the hell was that? 113 00:06:26,150 --> 00:06:27,860 Taxi cab. 114 00:06:27,860 --> 00:06:29,090 What do you mean a taxi cab? 115 00:06:29,090 --> 00:06:30,320 I thought we were flying. 116 00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:31,229 Precisely! 117 00:06:31,229 --> 00:06:33,330 (bright music) 118 00:06:33,330 --> 00:06:35,440 Prototypes already exist, 119 00:06:36,880 --> 00:06:39,650 but none have taken off in the public imagination. 120 00:06:41,005 --> 00:06:42,330 (speaking in foreign language) 121 00:06:42,330 --> 00:06:43,500 When they see the prototype, 122 00:06:43,500 --> 00:06:46,610 people might think it's not necessarily a good car, 123 00:06:46,610 --> 00:06:47,880 let alone a good plane. 124 00:06:49,670 --> 00:06:51,570 The pitfall is that it's kind of a crossover, 125 00:06:51,570 --> 00:06:55,060 a hybrid that functions in theory, but also in fact, 126 00:06:55,060 --> 00:06:58,230 since flying car projects have existed for a while. 127 00:06:58,230 --> 00:06:59,820 But in order to roll them out, 128 00:06:59,820 --> 00:07:02,680 you end up with regulation and infrastructure issues 129 00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:05,040 that border on the absurd. 130 00:07:07,228 --> 00:07:09,490 If flying cars aren't the future, 131 00:07:09,490 --> 00:07:12,510 what else could reduce traffic congestion? 132 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:16,010 We really need to move off of this system 133 00:07:16,010 --> 00:07:18,830 that we have today because we were promised 134 00:07:18,830 --> 00:07:20,840 that cars brought independence, 135 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:24,330 and that probably was true in the '30s, '40s, and '50s, 136 00:07:24,330 --> 00:07:25,960 but we all know that most of us, 137 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:28,170 our driving is in very dense traffic. 138 00:07:28,170 --> 00:07:31,170 It's not a pleasure, it's very expensive and time-consuming. 139 00:07:33,430 --> 00:07:35,820 Could it be that the automobile, 140 00:07:35,820 --> 00:07:38,640 as a symbol of freedom, has been replaced 141 00:07:38,640 --> 00:07:40,210 by communication systems? 142 00:07:41,100 --> 00:07:44,850 I'm referring to all the little devices we carry around, 143 00:07:44,850 --> 00:07:48,600 smartphones, tablets, laptops, et cetera. 144 00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:51,490 If travel time could become spare time, 145 00:07:51,490 --> 00:07:55,540 or leisure time with sufficient comfort, why minimize it? 146 00:07:56,540 --> 00:07:59,670 This is one of the issues currently facing the automobile. 147 00:07:59,670 --> 00:08:02,980 Travel by car is still, by and large, a waste of time. 148 00:08:04,900 --> 00:08:07,660 Yesterday's symbol of success, 149 00:08:07,660 --> 00:08:10,740 the car around which we designed our cities, 150 00:08:10,740 --> 00:08:13,580 is no longer the stuff of dreams. 151 00:08:13,580 --> 00:08:17,500 To stay relevant, manufacturers have promised a revolution 152 00:08:17,500 --> 00:08:19,445 with ultra smart cars. 153 00:08:19,445 --> 00:08:22,740 (upbeat music) 154 00:08:22,740 --> 00:08:25,840 This Mercedes prototype drives itself. 155 00:08:27,810 --> 00:08:30,420 Soon, you'll travel without touching the wheel 156 00:08:31,290 --> 00:08:33,804 in an autonomous and connected car. 157 00:08:33,804 --> 00:08:36,387 (upbeat music) 158 00:08:38,150 --> 00:08:40,810 New vehicles packed with sensors. 159 00:08:42,290 --> 00:08:43,840 Please go ahead. 160 00:08:45,030 --> 00:08:48,190 We are told they will be faster, safer, 161 00:08:48,190 --> 00:08:50,410 and more interactive than ever before. 162 00:08:53,540 --> 00:08:56,320 But the urban vehicle of 2050 163 00:08:56,320 --> 00:08:58,390 could look completely different. 164 00:08:59,364 --> 00:09:02,364 (warm guitar music) 165 00:09:06,858 --> 00:09:09,530 Boston is home to more than its fair share 166 00:09:09,530 --> 00:09:11,960 of groundbreaking inventions, 167 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:15,290 including the radar that helped win World War II. 168 00:09:16,690 --> 00:09:20,020 At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 169 00:09:20,020 --> 00:09:24,670 the philosophy is to tear down walls between disciplines. 170 00:09:27,110 --> 00:09:30,000 In his lab, Kent Larson and his team 171 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:33,620 are inventing the urban transportation of tomorrow. 172 00:09:35,480 --> 00:09:39,760 In many cities, something over 50% of the land 173 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:43,920 is devoted to streets and parking, and driveways, 174 00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:47,465 and infrastructure related to machines, not people. 175 00:09:47,465 --> 00:09:50,465 (soft bright music) 176 00:09:57,680 --> 00:10:00,970 We started thinking about these issues over 10 years ago, 177 00:10:00,970 --> 00:10:04,450 and at that point, there was just beginning 178 00:10:04,450 --> 00:10:07,530 to be this notion of the shared economy, 179 00:10:07,530 --> 00:10:11,390 this idea that you could go to a bike sharing hub, 180 00:10:11,390 --> 00:10:14,640 or where a shared vehicle is parked. 181 00:10:15,630 --> 00:10:18,240 They would, by definition, need to be in high value 182 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:20,140 parts of the city, 'cause that's where the people are, 183 00:10:20,140 --> 00:10:22,040 that's where the demand is. 184 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:24,460 We quickly realized that when they park, 185 00:10:24,460 --> 00:10:26,010 they occupy way too much space, 186 00:10:26,010 --> 00:10:28,370 so we developed the city car, 187 00:10:28,370 --> 00:10:31,342 which would fold to a very tiny package. 188 00:10:31,342 --> 00:10:33,925 (bright music) 189 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:40,650 Tremendous advantage because then, 190 00:10:40,650 --> 00:10:42,250 then you can provide much more service 191 00:10:42,250 --> 00:10:44,409 without using up more land in the city. 192 00:10:44,409 --> 00:10:46,992 (bright music) 193 00:10:48,890 --> 00:10:52,410 Once you then can 194 00:10:52,410 --> 00:10:55,830 deploy very low-cost autonomy, 195 00:10:55,830 --> 00:10:59,620 and the vehicle can come to you wherever you are, 196 00:10:59,620 --> 00:11:01,780 you no longer need to fold the vehicle, 197 00:11:01,780 --> 00:11:03,510 because it is never stationary. 198 00:11:03,510 --> 00:11:07,770 It's never stored in a high-value part of the city. 199 00:11:07,770 --> 00:11:11,350 So our research focus shifted 200 00:11:11,350 --> 00:11:14,490 from folding to occupy less space 201 00:11:14,490 --> 00:11:19,470 to low-cost autonomy to move people and goods, 202 00:11:19,470 --> 00:11:21,930 such that you never needed to store the vehicle 203 00:11:21,930 --> 00:11:23,683 in a high-value part of the city. 204 00:11:23,683 --> 00:11:26,266 (bright music) 205 00:11:33,310 --> 00:11:36,530 The PEV is a persuasive electric vehicle 206 00:11:36,530 --> 00:11:41,530 because we were designing a vehicle to persuade people 207 00:11:41,780 --> 00:11:45,480 to adopt more sustainable modes for the city, 208 00:11:45,480 --> 00:11:48,640 on the one hand, and also persuade people 209 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:50,750 to get more physical exercise. 210 00:11:52,420 --> 00:11:56,100 The PEV is an ultra-light tricycle, 211 00:11:56,100 --> 00:11:58,490 peddle-powered or electric. 212 00:11:58,490 --> 00:12:00,840 It will always be on the move. 213 00:12:02,160 --> 00:12:05,400 At night, it will go charge itself. 214 00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:09,310 During the day, it will switch between handling passengers 215 00:12:09,310 --> 00:12:11,720 and goods, depending on demand. 216 00:12:12,560 --> 00:12:14,290 Picks me up wherever I am, 217 00:12:14,290 --> 00:12:15,420 drops me off where I want to go. 218 00:12:15,420 --> 00:12:19,010 I don't have to think about locking it, parking spaces, 219 00:12:19,010 --> 00:12:22,870 empty slots, insurance, maintenance. 220 00:12:22,870 --> 00:12:26,250 It's kind of the ultimate personal mobility. 221 00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:29,270 The PEV's electronics 222 00:12:29,270 --> 00:12:32,170 are derived from smartphone technology, 223 00:12:32,170 --> 00:12:34,430 and they're affordable to the general public. 224 00:12:35,610 --> 00:12:39,840 Besides its low cost, the vehicle will travel at low speeds, 225 00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:42,730 so it won't have to be equipped with a powerful, 226 00:12:42,730 --> 00:12:46,720 but extremely expensive, detection and analysis systems 227 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:48,720 found in other autonomous cars. 228 00:12:52,313 --> 00:12:54,896 (bright music) 229 00:13:01,567 --> 00:13:03,420 One of the reasons why we are interested 230 00:13:03,420 --> 00:13:07,450 in this low speed persuasive electric vehicle, the PEV, 231 00:13:07,450 --> 00:13:11,750 'cause it's capable of operating at the speed 232 00:13:11,750 --> 00:13:15,610 that is now the average speed of automobiles 233 00:13:15,610 --> 00:13:17,690 within the city. 234 00:13:17,690 --> 00:13:20,470 So we have vehicles capable of high speeds 235 00:13:20,470 --> 00:13:23,040 that goes, in many cases in the city, 236 00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:24,960 very quickly between intersections, 237 00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:27,000 and then you stop at the intersection. 238 00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:32,000 If all of those vehicles traveled at 12, 15 miles an hour, 239 00:13:32,170 --> 00:13:35,930 you would just have this fluid safe motion, 240 00:13:35,930 --> 00:13:38,900 the vehicles could share the space with pedestrians 241 00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:43,740 and with bicycles, but the traffic would flow just as well. 242 00:13:44,610 --> 00:13:47,550 Tomorrow, MIT's odd tricycle 243 00:13:47,550 --> 00:13:50,050 will be part of a vastly different city. 244 00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:55,500 Thousands of connected objects will feed sprawling networks 245 00:13:55,500 --> 00:13:59,690 and transform cities into self-organizing systems. 246 00:13:59,690 --> 00:14:01,110 The way of moving, the way of working, 247 00:14:01,110 --> 00:14:02,900 the way of meeting people, the way of shopping, 248 00:14:02,900 --> 00:14:06,330 all that is different than what it was 10 or 15 years ago, 249 00:14:06,330 --> 00:14:10,830 but all of this technology is now entering physical space. 250 00:14:10,830 --> 00:14:13,360 It's what people call the beginning of ubiquitous computing, 251 00:14:13,360 --> 00:14:15,580 where computing enters everywhere. 252 00:14:15,580 --> 00:14:18,660 Another way to put it is to call about the internet, 253 00:14:18,660 --> 00:14:21,290 but not the internet as we knew it in the past, 254 00:14:21,290 --> 00:14:23,150 but the internet of things, 255 00:14:23,150 --> 00:14:26,400 the internet of everything around ourselves. 256 00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:29,690 Now, when that happens, this allows you to run and operate 257 00:14:29,690 --> 00:14:31,430 your cities in a different way, 258 00:14:31,430 --> 00:14:33,750 and this is what people usually refer to 259 00:14:33,750 --> 00:14:35,890 as smart or sensible cities. 260 00:14:37,950 --> 00:14:41,250 This smart city will analyze and adapt 261 00:14:41,250 --> 00:14:45,220 in real time to the flow of humans and machines 262 00:14:45,220 --> 00:14:47,330 to maximize their efficiency. 263 00:14:49,570 --> 00:14:53,430 To successfully merge the physical and digital worlds, 264 00:14:53,430 --> 00:14:57,180 cities and vehicles must be designed together. 265 00:14:59,010 --> 00:15:02,750 Larson's team has built interactive platforms 266 00:15:02,750 --> 00:15:06,440 using LEGO bricks and augmented reality. 267 00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:12,130 Human activities and transportation flow 268 00:15:12,130 --> 00:15:15,200 are projected onto scale model communities. 269 00:15:16,790 --> 00:15:18,990 Simply by moving the blocks, 270 00:15:18,990 --> 00:15:22,070 the team can observe changes in real time. 271 00:15:24,970 --> 00:15:29,390 When you combine better urban planning 272 00:15:29,390 --> 00:15:34,390 with shared use systems using advanced technologies, 273 00:15:35,190 --> 00:15:38,990 then I think we can get to an entirely new, 274 00:15:38,990 --> 00:15:43,160 and even disruptive, pattern that will make life much better 275 00:15:43,160 --> 00:15:46,010 and dramatically reduce resource consumption. 276 00:15:49,330 --> 00:15:51,710 Enhancing quality of life, 277 00:15:51,710 --> 00:15:56,210 promoting green spaces, providing access to various modes 278 00:15:56,210 --> 00:16:00,480 of transport to reach any destination all the time, 279 00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:02,430 all without a car, 280 00:16:03,940 --> 00:16:06,944 that dream is already underway. 281 00:16:06,944 --> 00:16:09,944 (warm guitar music) 282 00:16:11,530 --> 00:16:13,860 Larson's project is part of a trend 283 00:16:13,860 --> 00:16:18,860 seen in most Western capitols, sustainable mobility. 284 00:16:19,118 --> 00:16:22,118 (warm guitar music) 285 00:16:25,762 --> 00:16:28,345 (upbeat music) 286 00:16:30,420 --> 00:16:33,000 To make cities breathable again, 287 00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:36,620 public spaces are reclaimed from polluting vehicles. 288 00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:42,130 Residents rediscover the joy of urban strolling. 289 00:16:42,130 --> 00:16:46,130 Their transportation is self-powered and fun. 290 00:16:48,090 --> 00:16:51,740 Alongside rollerblades, scooters, and skateboards, 291 00:16:51,740 --> 00:16:55,030 new light electric vehicles are emerging, 292 00:16:55,030 --> 00:16:56,870 some stranger than others. 293 00:16:57,910 --> 00:17:02,910 They all serve the same mission, creating a car-free city. 294 00:17:05,220 --> 00:17:08,130 The goal is to eliminate big engines, 295 00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:13,130 speed, noise, all the negative aspects of mobility. 296 00:17:13,170 --> 00:17:15,760 Sustainable mobility is a very nice idea. 297 00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:20,870 When we travel only by car in between places, 298 00:17:20,870 --> 00:17:23,550 we only see a very small set of people, 299 00:17:23,550 --> 00:17:26,510 and so, living in places where you have this slow movement, 300 00:17:27,650 --> 00:17:30,273 that, as I say, it's very pleasant, right? 301 00:17:30,273 --> 00:17:33,100 We like to see people and bump into them. 302 00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:38,210 The Netherlands have long shown 303 00:17:38,210 --> 00:17:40,210 what a car-free city would look like. 304 00:17:42,490 --> 00:17:44,330 Bicycles are an integral part 305 00:17:44,330 --> 00:17:46,420 of the Dutch lifestyle and culture. 306 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:52,351 People cycle more than 500 miles per year here. 307 00:17:52,351 --> 00:17:54,520 (bright music) 308 00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:58,720 Bikes are so popular, they've changed the way cities look. 309 00:17:58,720 --> 00:18:02,450 Around big transportation hubs, movement is constant. 310 00:18:03,870 --> 00:18:05,910 Floating facilities can accommodate 311 00:18:05,910 --> 00:18:08,140 several thousand bikes per day. 312 00:18:09,420 --> 00:18:11,910 Some designers are combining their passion 313 00:18:11,910 --> 00:18:15,400 for bicycles and sustainability. 314 00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:16,833 To stay close to nature, 315 00:18:16,833 --> 00:18:20,550 it's always the best solution there is. 316 00:18:20,550 --> 00:18:23,930 Our rules are in nature and we are nature. 317 00:18:23,930 --> 00:18:27,529 (soft bright music) 318 00:18:27,529 --> 00:18:31,840 I'm Jan Gunneweg, and I'm 33 years old. 319 00:18:31,840 --> 00:18:34,120 I designed a sustainable wooden bike. 320 00:18:35,224 --> 00:18:37,807 (sanding wood) 321 00:18:43,580 --> 00:18:46,200 At the first time, when I thought about a wooden bike, 322 00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:48,540 I was actually thinking about the whole process 323 00:18:48,540 --> 00:18:49,960 of a steel bike. 324 00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:54,240 With a lot of power and energy, you create steel, 325 00:18:54,240 --> 00:18:58,900 and then you have, like how you make a wooden bike, 326 00:18:58,900 --> 00:19:01,470 just a tree, a nice forest. 327 00:19:01,470 --> 00:19:06,270 You know, wood is only using sunlight, water, and CO2, 328 00:19:06,270 --> 00:19:07,103 and that's it. 329 00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:10,190 On this way, it's so wonderful 330 00:19:10,190 --> 00:19:13,270 to grow your own bike, you know? 331 00:19:17,610 --> 00:19:21,370 Well, I love wood because it's so warm, strong, 332 00:19:21,370 --> 00:19:25,460 and flexible too, and don't gotta make a lot of noise. 333 00:19:25,460 --> 00:19:28,150 It's very quiet, so that's what I like. 334 00:19:33,853 --> 00:19:36,000 Made of 95% wood, 335 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,900 the Bough Bike is completely recyclable. 336 00:19:40,090 --> 00:19:43,190 The parts fit together like the pieces of a puzzle 337 00:19:43,190 --> 00:19:45,280 and can easily be replaced. 338 00:19:47,700 --> 00:19:49,520 The Bough Bike is not just a bike. 339 00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:51,613 It's the whole mindset behind it. 340 00:19:51,613 --> 00:19:54,196 (bright music) 341 00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:58,080 What if the future of urban mobility 342 00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:01,450 was a radical attitude and a clear statement, 343 00:20:01,450 --> 00:20:04,160 everybody walk, everybody cycle? 344 00:20:06,470 --> 00:20:09,960 It used to be, at this moment, to go as fast as possible 345 00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:14,040 from home to work, and don't think about anything. 346 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:19,180 That's also very important that you relax on your bike, 347 00:20:19,180 --> 00:20:21,784 have a nice ride, and have a nice time. 348 00:20:21,784 --> 00:20:25,034 (mellow pensive music) 349 00:20:31,680 --> 00:20:35,650 It's very, very quiet because the wood is absorbing 350 00:20:35,650 --> 00:20:40,512 all the vibrations, so you can hear the birds. 351 00:20:40,512 --> 00:20:44,400 (mellow pensive music) 352 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:46,060 Well, for me, it's very interesting 353 00:20:46,060 --> 00:20:49,740 what will be the next step in the bike world. 354 00:20:49,740 --> 00:20:51,530 Maybe I can think about something, 355 00:20:51,530 --> 00:20:55,650 but maybe also a lot of other people who like cycling 356 00:20:55,650 --> 00:20:59,300 will invite some new things. 357 00:21:01,324 --> 00:21:02,620 (speaking in foreign language) 358 00:21:02,620 --> 00:21:05,510 Who would have thought, 15 years ago, 359 00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:08,070 that cycling would be on the rise, 360 00:21:08,070 --> 00:21:10,380 and that walking would, once again, 361 00:21:10,380 --> 00:21:14,510 account for 30 to 40% of urban trips? 362 00:21:14,510 --> 00:21:15,910 No one would have bet on it. 363 00:21:16,980 --> 00:21:19,160 It shows that nothing is set in stone. 364 00:21:20,620 --> 00:21:22,960 Mentalities can change quicker than we think 365 00:21:22,960 --> 00:21:25,100 and differently than we imagined. 366 00:21:30,420 --> 00:21:31,910 And up in the sky, 367 00:21:31,910 --> 00:21:34,660 what about the planes of tomorrow? 368 00:21:34,660 --> 00:21:37,130 Bertrand Piccard and Andre Borschberg 369 00:21:37,130 --> 00:21:39,830 had a wonderful dream when they set out to fly 370 00:21:39,830 --> 00:21:42,470 around the world in a solar powered plane. 371 00:21:44,930 --> 00:21:49,330 Will this exciting quest impact air transport in 2050? 372 00:21:52,140 --> 00:21:55,410 Will it be possible to fly 700 passengers 373 00:21:55,410 --> 00:21:57,500 using solar energy alone? 374 00:21:58,650 --> 00:22:00,810 The sun can power a glider, 375 00:22:00,810 --> 00:22:03,820 but a jumbo jet is a different story. 376 00:22:05,441 --> 00:22:07,730 (bright music) 377 00:22:07,730 --> 00:22:10,880 In 2050, there will be a lot of people to move. 378 00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:17,640 Since the 1950s, neither wars nor energy crises 379 00:22:17,640 --> 00:22:21,150 could halt the irresistible rise of the airplane. 380 00:22:23,650 --> 00:22:26,934 But the price of oil hangs over our heads. 381 00:22:26,934 --> 00:22:29,517 (bright music) 382 00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:34,330 The plane is the only means of mass transportation 383 00:22:34,330 --> 00:22:36,450 with no alternative to oil. 384 00:22:38,660 --> 00:22:41,960 Air transport is an absolute paradox 385 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:43,810 because it's booming. 386 00:22:43,810 --> 00:22:46,190 It's totally dependent on oil, 387 00:22:46,190 --> 00:22:48,270 and it's not taken into consideration 388 00:22:48,270 --> 00:22:49,740 for climate agreements. 389 00:22:51,110 --> 00:22:53,010 Because of that, everything looks fine. 390 00:22:53,010 --> 00:22:54,900 Aircraft emissions aren't taken into account, 391 00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:57,180 as far as greenhouse gas reduction is concerned. 392 00:22:57,180 --> 00:22:59,740 Air transport is taken out of the equation. 393 00:22:59,740 --> 00:23:01,130 Well, that way, it can exist 394 00:23:01,130 --> 00:23:03,000 in some kind of a parallel universe. 395 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:05,360 Is it possible to use other sources of energy 396 00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:06,480 to propel aircraft? 397 00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:07,313 No. 398 00:23:07,313 --> 00:23:10,256 It seems like air transport exists on borrowed time. 399 00:23:10,256 --> 00:23:13,134 (speaking in foreign language) 400 00:23:13,134 --> 00:23:15,860 (upbeat music) 401 00:23:15,860 --> 00:23:18,470 The E-Fan is a prototype aircraft 402 00:23:18,470 --> 00:23:21,960 designed for 100% electric propulsion. 403 00:23:23,130 --> 00:23:25,440 Equipped with two mini turbines, 404 00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:29,700 it's the first of a new generation of zero emission planes. 405 00:23:31,550 --> 00:23:35,130 Packed with technology, this flying laboratory 406 00:23:35,130 --> 00:23:38,350 is an attempt to open up the aviation sector 407 00:23:38,350 --> 00:23:40,215 to electric propulsion. 408 00:23:40,215 --> 00:23:43,798 (mysterious pensive music) 409 00:23:44,850 --> 00:23:47,520 The project is led by pilot Didier Esteyne 410 00:23:49,010 --> 00:23:52,940 His colleague, Francis Deborde, is in charge of building it. 411 00:23:57,221 --> 00:23:58,893 [Didier's Translator] I wanted the plane to be as silent 412 00:23:58,893 --> 00:24:00,560 and as clean as possible, 413 00:24:01,520 --> 00:24:03,630 but I also wanted it to be dynamic. 414 00:24:05,257 --> 00:24:08,257 (soft bright music) 415 00:24:17,170 --> 00:24:19,000 When I started to design it, 416 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:21,456 I immediately thought about batteries. 417 00:24:21,456 --> 00:24:24,210 (speaking in foreign language) 418 00:24:24,210 --> 00:24:26,390 We're going to lift it while you screw it on. 419 00:24:27,270 --> 00:24:28,520 Go ahead, turn the table. 420 00:24:29,780 --> 00:24:32,050 In aviation, weight is our worst enemy. 421 00:24:32,910 --> 00:24:34,910 It makes our job harder. 422 00:24:34,910 --> 00:24:37,390 The ratio between the energy supplied by a battery 423 00:24:37,390 --> 00:24:40,520 and the energy supplied by one kilo of fossil fuel 424 00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:41,560 is one to 20. 425 00:24:42,570 --> 00:24:44,970 That is, for every kilo of fossil fuel, 426 00:24:44,970 --> 00:24:47,700 you need 20 to 25 kilos of batteries. 427 00:24:51,084 --> 00:24:51,920 [Francis's Translator] The total battery weight 428 00:24:51,920 --> 00:24:53,800 is 167 kilos. 429 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:55,370 We could add more, but we're limited 430 00:24:55,370 --> 00:24:56,900 by the mass of the plane. 431 00:24:56,900 --> 00:24:59,460 At some point, if you add batteries to increase range, 432 00:24:59,460 --> 00:25:01,150 you increase the mass proportionately, 433 00:25:01,150 --> 00:25:03,363 which affects the plane's performance. 434 00:25:03,363 --> 00:25:05,260 (bright music) 435 00:25:05,260 --> 00:25:07,100 The team worked for months 436 00:25:07,100 --> 00:25:09,250 to strike that delicate balance. 437 00:25:10,950 --> 00:25:14,393 Now the E-Fan has a 50-minute range. 438 00:25:14,393 --> 00:25:16,976 (bright music) 439 00:25:22,274 --> 00:25:24,040 [Francis's Translator] In order to minimize weight, 440 00:25:24,040 --> 00:25:28,270 we used exclusively composite materials and carbon fibers. 441 00:25:28,270 --> 00:25:31,350 There's not a single piece of metal in the whole structure. 442 00:25:31,350 --> 00:25:33,750 The other challenge was to integrate the batteries 443 00:25:33,750 --> 00:25:36,430 and insulators inside the structure, 444 00:25:36,430 --> 00:25:39,092 and insulate all of the electric circuits. 445 00:25:39,092 --> 00:25:41,789 (Francis speaking in foreign language) 446 00:25:41,789 --> 00:25:44,372 (bright music) 447 00:25:46,225 --> 00:25:48,072 (Didier speaking in foreign language) 448 00:25:48,072 --> 00:25:49,410 [Didier's Translator] Aviation, above all, 449 00:25:49,410 --> 00:25:52,150 is an extraordinary human adventure. 450 00:25:52,150 --> 00:25:53,640 When you work in aviation, 451 00:25:53,640 --> 00:25:56,590 it usually means you're passionate about it. 452 00:25:56,590 --> 00:25:59,550 And when you're passionate and your project succeeds, 453 00:25:59,550 --> 00:26:01,940 you develop a certain philosophy. 454 00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:04,530 It builds character and helps foster team spirit. 455 00:26:07,210 --> 00:26:09,050 [Francis's Translator] Remember that our 10-person team 456 00:26:09,050 --> 00:26:10,900 started from scratch to build 457 00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:13,220 a very innovative electric aircraft. 458 00:26:19,343 --> 00:26:21,720 [Didier's Translator] I love building and inventing stuff. 459 00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:23,330 It was already the case when I was playing 460 00:26:23,330 --> 00:26:24,580 with LEGO and Meccano. 461 00:26:24,580 --> 00:26:26,040 I don't think that'll change. 462 00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:28,540 Maybe some day, I'll get tired of it, but not yet. 463 00:26:29,770 --> 00:26:31,930 Aviation has always been a passion of mine. 464 00:26:33,230 --> 00:26:36,680 The idea of designing, creating, and flying airplanes, 465 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:41,030 whether made of paper, cardboard, wood, balsa, or aluminum, 466 00:26:41,030 --> 00:26:42,620 it's always been there. 467 00:26:44,955 --> 00:26:47,821 (whirring) 468 00:26:47,821 --> 00:26:50,488 (buckle clicks) 469 00:26:52,269 --> 00:26:54,564 (whirring) 470 00:26:54,564 --> 00:26:57,147 (upbeat music) 471 00:27:15,020 --> 00:27:18,480 It's very gratifying, exhilarating, even, 472 00:27:18,480 --> 00:27:21,630 to fly a plane that you designed and built with your team. 473 00:27:23,730 --> 00:27:26,010 Besides, this one is extremely quiet, 474 00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:30,120 so it feels like you're flying a motor glider, 475 00:27:30,120 --> 00:27:32,487 rather than a traditional plane. 476 00:27:32,487 --> 00:27:35,070 (upbeat music) 477 00:27:41,471 --> 00:27:42,950 [Francis's Translator] E-Fan, can you indicate 478 00:27:42,950 --> 00:27:44,080 wind speed, please? 479 00:27:44,080 --> 00:27:46,490 [Didier's Translator] Okay, 160, 161. 480 00:27:47,410 --> 00:27:48,243 I'm speeding up. 481 00:27:50,470 --> 00:27:52,420 During the flight, my co-workers, 482 00:27:52,420 --> 00:27:54,370 who are just as passionate as I am, 483 00:27:54,370 --> 00:27:56,760 use telemetry to monitor every little thing. 484 00:27:58,730 --> 00:28:02,620 Because of that, to date, we've safely completed 112 flights 485 00:28:02,620 --> 00:28:04,539 and flown over 50 hours. 486 00:28:04,539 --> 00:28:06,727 (speaking in foreign language) 487 00:28:06,727 --> 00:28:09,810 (warm pensive music) 488 00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:14,860 Light, energy efficient, and quiet, 489 00:28:14,860 --> 00:28:17,600 the E-Fan is a success. 490 00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:21,750 In July 2015, the small twin engine aircraft 491 00:28:21,750 --> 00:28:23,270 crossed the English Channel, 492 00:28:24,350 --> 00:28:27,480 a feat worthy of the greatest aviation pioneers. 493 00:28:29,316 --> 00:28:30,530 [Didier's Translator] People keep telling me 494 00:28:30,530 --> 00:28:33,480 I'm the modern day Bleriot, but I'm not. 495 00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:37,900 Back in 1909, you needed tremendous courage and willpower 496 00:28:37,900 --> 00:28:41,280 to cross the English Channel in such a tiny plane. 497 00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:43,800 He didn't have a team like I did. 498 00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:45,890 He crossed the Channel, landed in a field 499 00:28:45,890 --> 00:28:48,350 where a journalist was waving a French flag, 500 00:28:48,350 --> 00:28:49,960 and ended up damaging his plane 501 00:28:49,960 --> 00:28:51,915 because the field was in terrible shape. 502 00:28:51,915 --> 00:28:52,748 (audience applauding) 503 00:28:52,748 --> 00:28:54,993 (yells excitedly) 504 00:28:54,993 --> 00:28:57,790 (yells excitedly) 505 00:28:57,790 --> 00:28:59,123 We did it! 506 00:28:59,123 --> 00:28:59,956 We did it. 507 00:29:02,360 --> 00:29:05,110 The E-Fan of today is still a prototype. 508 00:29:05,110 --> 00:29:06,310 It's a learning machine. 509 00:29:07,860 --> 00:29:09,780 The electrical data allows us to conduct 510 00:29:09,780 --> 00:29:12,430 an in-depth analysis, which will be very helpful 511 00:29:12,430 --> 00:29:13,430 for future projects. 512 00:29:14,350 --> 00:29:17,020 Everything we learned today is extremely important. 513 00:29:20,420 --> 00:29:22,350 Two and four-seater E-Fans 514 00:29:22,350 --> 00:29:24,520 will be mass produced for pilot training. 515 00:29:28,120 --> 00:29:31,880 Ultimately, Airbus plans to design hybrid planes 516 00:29:31,880 --> 00:29:35,350 with 100 seats for regional airlines. 517 00:29:35,350 --> 00:29:38,430 Aviation manufacturers experiment regularly 518 00:29:38,430 --> 00:29:41,920 to improve design and minimize fuel consumption. 519 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:46,500 Hybrid propulsion is just one of the possibilities. 520 00:29:48,930 --> 00:29:52,710 Another alternative to oil could come from the sea, 521 00:29:52,710 --> 00:29:56,210 thanks to a new family of algae-based biofuels 522 00:29:56,210 --> 00:29:58,450 produced in offshore farms. 523 00:30:00,200 --> 00:30:03,570 The very concept of the plane could be rethought. 524 00:30:04,550 --> 00:30:09,550 The idea behind Clip-Air is to maximize flexibility. 525 00:30:09,720 --> 00:30:12,890 This modular aircraft has a flying wing 526 00:30:12,890 --> 00:30:15,720 capable of hauling up to three capsules 527 00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:18,130 carrying cargo or passengers. 528 00:30:19,750 --> 00:30:21,910 It could move as many passengers 529 00:30:21,910 --> 00:30:24,670 as three medium-range airplanes. 530 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:27,200 It's a new approach 531 00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:29,270 to the land-air interface. 532 00:30:30,680 --> 00:30:33,560 These capsules could be attached to a flying wing, 533 00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:36,550 but also to a freight train. 534 00:30:36,550 --> 00:30:38,570 It's a very interesting project. 535 00:30:38,570 --> 00:30:42,980 The keywords are flexibility, modularity, 536 00:30:42,980 --> 00:30:44,140 and multi-modality. 537 00:30:46,290 --> 00:30:47,600 In the meantime, 538 00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:51,500 air travel remains expensive and could become elitist. 539 00:30:52,970 --> 00:30:56,861 So, what other form might transportation take? 540 00:30:56,861 --> 00:31:00,028 (tense pensive music) 541 00:31:04,580 --> 00:31:08,360 Will we break free of vehicles, time, and distance, 542 00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:11,650 and teleport like characters from Star Trek? 543 00:31:14,963 --> 00:31:16,299 (whirring) 544 00:31:16,299 --> 00:31:17,970 I don't know how it works exactly, 545 00:31:17,970 --> 00:31:21,720 but it has to do with some sort of gravitational lens deal, 546 00:31:21,720 --> 00:31:24,220 bendin' the light, or some damn thing, 547 00:31:24,220 --> 00:31:26,260 but you can move from place to place, 548 00:31:26,260 --> 00:31:28,120 world to world if you want to. 549 00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:31,240 You see, the whole thing, it works like one big airport. 550 00:31:32,090 --> 00:31:33,470 We are very, very far 551 00:31:33,470 --> 00:31:35,870 from knowing how to do what we see in Star Trek. 552 00:31:37,950 --> 00:31:40,360 I would like to point out that technological progress 553 00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:42,662 always raises ethical questions. 554 00:31:42,662 --> 00:31:45,270 (speaking in foreign language) 555 00:31:45,270 --> 00:31:47,580 Imagine you had a teleportation machine. 556 00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:51,280 The implication is that you kill people where they are 557 00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:53,330 and replicate them where they want to go. 558 00:31:54,770 --> 00:31:57,000 If teleportation isn't the answer, 559 00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:58,130 then what is? 560 00:32:00,300 --> 00:32:04,020 In 2050, mobility could be much more about objects, 561 00:32:04,020 --> 00:32:07,100 ideas, and capital than about people. 562 00:32:09,010 --> 00:32:10,560 People would be connected, 563 00:32:10,560 --> 00:32:12,860 but wouldn't travel around as much as objects. 564 00:32:15,230 --> 00:32:17,220 That means drones. 565 00:32:17,220 --> 00:32:19,580 Coming in all shapes and sizes, 566 00:32:19,580 --> 00:32:22,580 they will fly above our cities and countryside. 567 00:32:23,980 --> 00:32:27,430 These military aircraft now have new missions, 568 00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:29,600 monitoring crowds and crops, 569 00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:33,500 assessing infrastructure and communication networks. 570 00:32:33,500 --> 00:32:38,500 Their potential is vast, and sometimes unexpected. 571 00:32:38,979 --> 00:32:40,838 (phone beeping) 572 00:32:40,838 --> 00:32:41,920 (phone ringing) 573 00:32:41,920 --> 00:32:42,990 One, one, two, operator. 574 00:32:42,990 --> 00:32:44,010 What is your emergency? 575 00:32:44,010 --> 00:32:45,240 It's my dad! 576 00:32:45,240 --> 00:32:46,880 I think he had a heart attack! 577 00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:48,220 The ambulance drone, 578 00:32:48,220 --> 00:32:49,760 developed in the Netherlands, 579 00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:53,580 races a defibrillator to the scene of a cardiac arrest. 580 00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:58,150 It's equipped with a webcam and loud speaker, 581 00:32:58,150 --> 00:33:01,060 allowing medics to give instructions remotely. 582 00:33:02,012 --> 00:33:03,660 Okay, pull the green lid. 583 00:33:03,660 --> 00:33:06,560 This drone will save precious time 584 00:33:06,560 --> 00:33:09,420 and greatly increase the odds of survival. 585 00:33:11,330 --> 00:33:15,250 Soon, these weird creatures will become omnipresent, 586 00:33:15,250 --> 00:33:19,130 buzzing around us like a swarm of giant bees. 587 00:33:19,130 --> 00:33:23,180 How will we cope with thousands of flying robots? 588 00:33:25,580 --> 00:33:26,413 What does it mean, 589 00:33:26,413 --> 00:33:27,680 in terms of urban infrastructure, 590 00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:30,220 for a city to use drones? 591 00:33:30,220 --> 00:33:32,490 What does it mean for us as individuals? 592 00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:35,550 One thing is sure, a laissez faire approach 593 00:33:35,550 --> 00:33:36,550 is not an option. 594 00:33:38,020 --> 00:33:41,390 There will be collisions, there will be problems. 595 00:33:44,360 --> 00:33:45,830 Studies like this one 596 00:33:45,830 --> 00:33:48,950 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 597 00:33:48,950 --> 00:33:51,990 explore how to manage drone traffic. 598 00:33:53,440 --> 00:33:56,040 Researchers are trying to develop systems 599 00:33:56,040 --> 00:33:58,700 that operate without a central computer. 600 00:33:59,630 --> 00:34:03,390 Whether there are 10 or 1,000 drones in the sky, 601 00:34:03,390 --> 00:34:05,470 each one learns to avoid the others 602 00:34:05,470 --> 00:34:08,410 by studying the environment and communicating 603 00:34:08,410 --> 00:34:10,161 with the rest of the swarm. 604 00:34:10,161 --> 00:34:13,244 (soft pensive music) 605 00:34:14,600 --> 00:34:18,470 Today, most drones can fly only in open spaces, 606 00:34:18,470 --> 00:34:21,140 but the Swiss startup, Flyability, 607 00:34:21,140 --> 00:34:25,070 is giving these robotic creatures new powers. 608 00:34:25,070 --> 00:34:28,153 (soft pensive music) 609 00:34:35,593 --> 00:34:36,524 [Adrien's Translator] What's really fascinating 610 00:34:36,524 --> 00:34:40,890 about insects is their ability to fly absolutely anywhere. 611 00:34:40,890 --> 00:34:43,890 (soft bright music) 612 00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:52,410 That's what we wanted to imitate. 613 00:34:52,410 --> 00:34:54,740 We realized that it had to do with their ability 614 00:34:54,740 --> 00:34:56,400 to survive collisions. 615 00:34:58,446 --> 00:34:59,680 [Patrick's Translator] When we tried to replicate 616 00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:01,820 their abilities, we came to the conclusion 617 00:35:01,820 --> 00:35:04,840 that we had to build a collision-tolerant flying robot. 618 00:35:06,677 --> 00:35:09,677 (soft bright music) 619 00:35:14,554 --> 00:35:17,221 (drone buzzing) 620 00:35:21,171 --> 00:35:23,560 (Patrick speaking in foreign language) 621 00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:28,560 The way we did this was essentially to build a cage 622 00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:32,420 around the robot, decoupled from what's inside. 623 00:35:35,330 --> 00:35:40,160 In a collision, only the exterior cage will be affected, 624 00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:41,510 and will turn separately. 625 00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:45,100 The robot itself will remain perfectly stable 626 00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:46,558 and won't feel a thing. 627 00:35:46,558 --> 00:35:49,014 (Patrick speaking in foreign language) 628 00:35:49,014 --> 00:35:52,264 (mellow pensive music) 629 00:35:56,406 --> 00:35:58,270 [Adrien's Translator] The goal is to create a drone 630 00:35:58,270 --> 00:36:00,840 that can go where no other robot can 631 00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:03,680 for exploration or inspection purposes. 632 00:36:05,610 --> 00:36:09,140 Today, drones are perfectly able to fly outdoors, 633 00:36:09,140 --> 00:36:13,760 as long as there's a GPS network and not too many obstacles. 634 00:36:14,840 --> 00:36:18,380 The robot that we built can move through confined spaces. 635 00:36:19,330 --> 00:36:23,270 It can fly indoors, sneak into a pipe or a tank, 636 00:36:23,270 --> 00:36:25,840 fly along a wall, or even roll on the ground. 637 00:36:27,430 --> 00:36:29,450 This makes it very easy to use 638 00:36:29,450 --> 00:36:32,870 because pilot errors have no serious consequences. 639 00:36:32,870 --> 00:36:36,270 (Adrien speaking in foreign language) 640 00:36:36,270 --> 00:36:39,520 (dramatic tense music) 641 00:36:41,406 --> 00:36:42,870 [Patrick's Translator] The Fukushima disaster 642 00:36:42,870 --> 00:36:45,250 really shook up the robotics community. 643 00:36:46,230 --> 00:36:48,540 People realized that they didn't yet have the tools 644 00:36:48,540 --> 00:36:51,080 to deal with such extreme situations. 645 00:36:54,483 --> 00:36:56,520 [Adrien's Translator] The flying robots used at Fukushima 646 00:36:56,520 --> 00:36:59,360 couldn't provide the kind of detailed images 647 00:36:59,360 --> 00:37:02,130 of the situation that were needed at the time 648 00:37:02,130 --> 00:37:04,760 because they couldn't get any closer. 649 00:37:04,760 --> 00:37:07,360 If they had, they could not have avoided collisions. 650 00:37:10,754 --> 00:37:13,421 (drone buzzing) 651 00:37:19,907 --> 00:37:21,280 [Patrick's Translator] In just a few decades, 652 00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:24,730 drones will do things we can't even imagine today. 653 00:37:24,730 --> 00:37:27,400 We won't call them drones anymore. 654 00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:28,990 We'll find new names for them. 655 00:37:30,530 --> 00:37:33,080 Just look at their growing popularity. 656 00:37:34,790 --> 00:37:38,231 They obviously have tremendous potential. 657 00:37:38,231 --> 00:37:40,677 (Patrick speaking in foreign language) 658 00:37:40,677 --> 00:37:42,532 (drone buzzing) 659 00:37:42,532 --> 00:37:45,620 (jazzy pensive music) 660 00:37:45,620 --> 00:37:48,400 Drones are on the rise. 661 00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:52,330 Transport and e-commerce giants understand their potential. 662 00:37:53,480 --> 00:37:55,910 They see drones as the future of delivery 663 00:37:56,930 --> 00:37:59,430 and spend millions of dollars on projects 664 00:37:59,430 --> 00:38:01,211 that seem ready for takeoff. 665 00:38:01,211 --> 00:38:04,378 (jazzy pensive music) 666 00:38:06,280 --> 00:38:08,590 The promise is breathtaking, 667 00:38:08,590 --> 00:38:12,460 delivering anything in record time, anywhere, 668 00:38:12,460 --> 00:38:14,650 even in the Australian Outback 669 00:38:14,650 --> 00:38:18,260 by tracking the signal from your mobile phone. 670 00:38:18,260 --> 00:38:22,690 But current drones can only transport small objects. 671 00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:32,100 Your clothes, your TV and sofa, the coffee you're drinking, 672 00:38:32,100 --> 00:38:36,730 the gas in your car, 90% of materials and goods 673 00:38:36,730 --> 00:38:39,508 are shipped from around the world by sea. 674 00:38:39,508 --> 00:38:42,610 (upbeat music with clapping) 675 00:38:42,610 --> 00:38:45,150 Sea freight anchors the world's economy. 676 00:38:46,070 --> 00:38:51,070 More than 100,000 cargo ships travel the world at any time. 677 00:38:51,260 --> 00:38:54,040 These giants burn thousands of tons 678 00:38:54,040 --> 00:38:56,280 of highly polluting heavy oil. 679 00:38:57,710 --> 00:38:59,990 To move toward green shipping, 680 00:38:59,990 --> 00:39:04,294 the maritime industry needs to develop new types of ships. 681 00:39:04,294 --> 00:39:08,044 (upbeat music with clapping) 682 00:39:10,490 --> 00:39:12,400 We have to come up with new designs 683 00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:15,160 so that ships can glide through the water more easily, 684 00:39:15,160 --> 00:39:17,460 or, I'm convinced, rise into the air, 685 00:39:17,460 --> 00:39:19,520 and just glide across the water. 686 00:39:19,520 --> 00:39:21,500 It's already the case for many racing boats 687 00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:22,690 and passenger ships. 688 00:39:27,260 --> 00:39:28,950 We'll obviously try to design ships 689 00:39:28,950 --> 00:39:32,130 that sit as little as possible in the water, 690 00:39:32,130 --> 00:39:33,470 and then we'll try to come up 691 00:39:33,470 --> 00:39:35,932 with the most efficient propulsion solutions. 692 00:39:35,932 --> 00:39:38,730 (speaking in foreign language) 693 00:39:38,730 --> 00:39:41,040 Researchers are coming up with vessels 694 00:39:41,040 --> 00:39:45,300 that combine innovative shapes with new propulsion systems. 695 00:39:47,150 --> 00:39:50,190 This ship circled the globe on solar power, 696 00:39:51,730 --> 00:39:55,090 and the SkySails project uses a large kite 697 00:39:55,090 --> 00:39:58,379 to take advantage of high altitude winds. 698 00:39:58,379 --> 00:40:00,962 (bright music) 699 00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:04,660 Whatever happens with climate change, 700 00:40:04,660 --> 00:40:06,610 all scenarios considered, 701 00:40:06,610 --> 00:40:09,130 we're pretty certain that wind will always exist, 702 00:40:09,130 --> 00:40:10,870 so we might as well use it. 703 00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:16,530 The fascinating stuff about using wind 704 00:40:16,530 --> 00:40:19,440 as power for propulsion is that it's for free. 705 00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:24,160 I'm Thys Nikkels and I'm 49 years old. 706 00:40:25,290 --> 00:40:26,890 I know that I wanted to be a naval arch 707 00:40:26,890 --> 00:40:28,360 before I could walk or speak. 708 00:40:31,310 --> 00:40:34,190 Our normal business is designing super yachts 709 00:40:34,190 --> 00:40:37,440 powered by the wind, sailing yachts, 710 00:40:37,440 --> 00:40:40,900 and we came upon a study, 711 00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:44,400 back in the '60s from the last century and done in Germany, 712 00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:48,350 and that was a study for cargo ships, never built, 713 00:40:48,350 --> 00:40:51,310 and we now use that concept again 714 00:40:51,310 --> 00:40:53,420 to design future cargo vessels. 715 00:40:55,970 --> 00:40:58,310 It's called the WASP, 716 00:40:58,310 --> 00:41:01,190 short for wind assisted ship propulsion. 717 00:41:02,090 --> 00:41:06,380 The system relies on a set of rotating masts. 718 00:41:06,380 --> 00:41:11,380 In a fully automated process, the sails furl and unfurl 719 00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:13,723 entirely inside the masts. 720 00:41:13,723 --> 00:41:16,306 (upbeat music) 721 00:41:25,140 --> 00:41:28,620 It's a hybrid in the sense that both the wind 722 00:41:28,620 --> 00:41:32,410 and normal propulsion is used as a combination, 723 00:41:32,410 --> 00:41:33,890 and by using that combination, 724 00:41:33,890 --> 00:41:36,230 we can reduce fuel consumption 725 00:41:36,230 --> 00:41:39,770 and still adhere to the time frame 726 00:41:39,770 --> 00:41:43,067 that these cargo ships have to match. 727 00:41:43,067 --> 00:41:46,150 (warm pensive music) 728 00:41:53,670 --> 00:41:56,980 The rigging is already working on a sailing yacht 729 00:41:56,980 --> 00:41:58,420 called Maltese Falcon. 730 00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:03,990 There, the yacht's masts are made of carbon fiber, 731 00:42:04,906 --> 00:42:09,510 and it has been sailing around for almost 10 years now. 732 00:42:09,510 --> 00:42:11,392 And luckily, no problems, 733 00:42:11,392 --> 00:42:15,000 and a lot of data are coming back from the ship 734 00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,300 that we can use in the design of the WASP. 735 00:42:20,560 --> 00:42:23,490 If you combine sail-assisted propulsion 736 00:42:23,490 --> 00:42:27,080 with new technology in routing software, 737 00:42:27,080 --> 00:42:28,430 you have the perfect match. 738 00:42:29,650 --> 00:42:31,710 That means that you do not go in a straight line, 739 00:42:31,710 --> 00:42:34,080 from A to B, but you take the route 740 00:42:34,080 --> 00:42:37,960 that is the most effective for the reduced fuel consumption. 741 00:42:39,310 --> 00:42:42,920 We calculated on the route of the Atlantic. 742 00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:46,240 We get to saving of about 35% of fuel. 743 00:42:49,880 --> 00:42:51,230 You need to understand 744 00:42:51,230 --> 00:42:54,910 that ships are going to get faster and faster, 745 00:42:54,910 --> 00:42:58,330 and the faster you go, the stronger the headwind. 746 00:42:59,220 --> 00:43:01,150 It goes without saying that we'll have to work 747 00:43:01,150 --> 00:43:04,540 on aerodynamics to improve energy efficiency. 748 00:43:09,620 --> 00:43:11,200 With its unique shape, 749 00:43:11,200 --> 00:43:14,490 the Norwegian vessel, Wind Ship, goes even further. 750 00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:19,260 This hybrid ship will haul over 6,000 cars 751 00:43:19,260 --> 00:43:22,160 using its hull as a giant sail. 752 00:43:23,170 --> 00:43:25,240 Depending on the wind's angle, 753 00:43:25,240 --> 00:43:29,010 it will flow faster on one side than on the other. 754 00:43:29,010 --> 00:43:33,090 This difference in speed creates an atmospheric depression 755 00:43:33,090 --> 00:43:35,690 which, in turn, propels the ship forward. 756 00:43:39,640 --> 00:43:42,930 This revolutionary project is already being tested 757 00:43:42,930 --> 00:43:45,130 in a water tank in Norway, 758 00:43:45,130 --> 00:43:48,230 and computer simulations show great promise. 759 00:43:52,380 --> 00:43:56,520 On a 23-day trip between Japan and Chile, 760 00:43:56,520 --> 00:44:00,310 Wind Ship would use three times less fossil fuel 761 00:44:00,310 --> 00:44:02,430 than a regular cargo ship. 762 00:44:04,761 --> 00:44:05,996 (glass shattering) 763 00:44:05,996 --> 00:44:09,300 (ship splashing) 764 00:44:09,300 --> 00:44:12,660 We not only have to design ships, 765 00:44:12,660 --> 00:44:16,070 but must also have a system-based approach. 766 00:44:16,070 --> 00:44:19,570 Let's say I have a fleet of X vessels 767 00:44:19,570 --> 00:44:22,460 which have to meet various mobility needs 768 00:44:22,460 --> 00:44:25,820 and transport Y containers from some part of the world 769 00:44:25,820 --> 00:44:29,060 to another, how do I optimize itineraries 770 00:44:29,060 --> 00:44:30,800 according to the weather? 771 00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:31,720 There's a great potential 772 00:44:31,720 --> 00:44:33,880 when it comes to operational innovation. 773 00:44:35,100 --> 00:44:39,780 It's more about software, optimization algorithms, 774 00:44:39,780 --> 00:44:42,640 mathematical models, which will all have to complement 775 00:44:42,640 --> 00:44:45,570 technological innovations regarding materials, 776 00:44:45,570 --> 00:44:47,900 aerodynamics, and engine efficiency. 777 00:44:50,170 --> 00:44:52,130 You often need a mix of innovations 778 00:44:52,130 --> 00:44:54,470 in order to overcome big challenges. 779 00:44:56,690 --> 00:44:59,320 Safer, cheaper, and less polluting 780 00:44:59,320 --> 00:45:02,830 than current vessels, cargo ships of the future 781 00:45:02,830 --> 00:45:05,290 will integrate the latest innovations 782 00:45:05,290 --> 00:45:09,250 and provide environmentally-friendly sea transport. 783 00:45:18,150 --> 00:45:21,170 Every type of transportation we've invented 784 00:45:21,170 --> 00:45:23,940 has overtaken the previous one, 785 00:45:23,940 --> 00:45:26,609 and the world is always shrinking. 786 00:45:26,609 --> 00:45:29,776 (tense pensive music) 787 00:45:31,780 --> 00:45:34,300 So what is left to discover? 788 00:45:34,300 --> 00:45:37,276 Well, we barely touched space. 789 00:45:37,276 --> 00:45:41,820 (muffled speaking) (tense pensive music) 790 00:45:41,820 --> 00:45:44,757 Discovery Houston, you are go at throttle level. 791 00:45:44,757 --> 00:45:47,110 (energetic music) 792 00:45:47,110 --> 00:45:48,980 Exploring outer space 793 00:45:48,980 --> 00:45:51,500 is one of mankind's greatest dreams. 794 00:45:52,870 --> 00:45:55,200 Space stirs the imagination, 795 00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:58,808 but is it really the next frontier of transportation? 796 00:45:58,808 --> 00:46:02,160 (energetic music) 797 00:46:02,160 --> 00:46:02,993 For us humans, 798 00:46:02,993 --> 00:46:05,460 there's nothing more hostile than space. 799 00:46:05,460 --> 00:46:08,920 It's empty, it's cold, there's nothing there, 800 00:46:08,920 --> 00:46:12,426 nothing to eat, nothing to drink, nothing. 801 00:46:12,426 --> 00:46:14,040 You have to bring everything with you, 802 00:46:14,040 --> 00:46:15,810 and I mean everything. 803 00:46:15,810 --> 00:46:19,780 Every kilo costs $20,000 to send into orbit. 804 00:46:19,780 --> 00:46:22,530 One kilo of shielding, $20,0000. 805 00:46:22,530 --> 00:46:25,380 One kilo of computer hardware, $20,000. 806 00:46:25,380 --> 00:46:27,350 One kilo of human, a lot more, 807 00:46:27,350 --> 00:46:30,510 because you also need to bring water, air, food, 808 00:46:30,510 --> 00:46:33,590 clothes, all the things we need to survive. 809 00:46:33,590 --> 00:46:37,910 In short, going into space is hard, tough, and difficult. 810 00:46:37,910 --> 00:46:41,115 (speaking in foreign language) 811 00:46:41,115 --> 00:46:44,250 (rocket blasting) 812 00:46:44,250 --> 00:46:46,630 The first obstacle is breaking free 813 00:46:46,630 --> 00:46:49,836 from gravity without breaking the bank. 814 00:46:49,836 --> 00:46:53,086 (dramatic tense music) 815 00:47:00,010 --> 00:47:01,840 Despite the huge costs, 816 00:47:01,840 --> 00:47:05,760 we've always dreamed of exploring Mars. 817 00:47:05,760 --> 00:47:08,910 The Mars One project seeks to land humans 818 00:47:08,910 --> 00:47:12,000 on the Red Planet by 2027, 819 00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:14,892 and to establish a permanent colony there. 820 00:47:14,892 --> 00:47:17,680 (dramatic tense music) 821 00:47:17,680 --> 00:47:20,930 The movie Total Recall depicted one vision 822 00:47:20,930 --> 00:47:23,520 of a full-on human society on Mars. 823 00:47:24,827 --> 00:47:27,327 (tense music) 824 00:47:44,560 --> 00:47:47,280 Welcome to the Mars Federal Colony. 825 00:47:47,280 --> 00:47:48,830 For your safety and comfort, 826 00:47:48,830 --> 00:47:51,030 domes have been installed to protect you 827 00:47:51,030 --> 00:47:53,030 from the vacuum outside. 828 00:47:53,030 --> 00:47:56,110 Please do not touch exterior windows or airlocks. 829 00:47:56,110 --> 00:47:58,180 Once Mars is colonized, 830 00:47:58,180 --> 00:48:01,103 will we conquer the stars, as in interstellar? 831 00:48:01,103 --> 00:48:01,936 Next! 832 00:48:03,331 --> 00:48:06,540 Thank you and enjoy your stay on Mars. 833 00:48:06,540 --> 00:48:08,300 Right now, interstellar travel 834 00:48:08,300 --> 00:48:11,629 isn't on the agenda, if only because of the travel time. 835 00:48:11,629 --> 00:48:14,310 (speaking in foreign language) 836 00:48:14,310 --> 00:48:16,980 The speeds required far exceed what our methods 837 00:48:16,980 --> 00:48:19,322 of space craft propulsion can provide. 838 00:48:19,322 --> 00:48:21,822 (tense music) 839 00:48:23,800 --> 00:48:25,130 Considering the current speed 840 00:48:25,130 --> 00:48:27,340 of the New Horizons space probe, 841 00:48:27,340 --> 00:48:29,450 one of the fastest objects ever built, 842 00:48:29,450 --> 00:48:31,920 which took nine years to reach Pluto, 843 00:48:31,920 --> 00:48:34,100 it would take it tens of thousands of years 844 00:48:34,100 --> 00:48:37,018 to reach the closest star, Alpha Centauri, 845 00:48:37,018 --> 00:48:39,100 4.4 light-years away. 846 00:48:41,612 --> 00:48:44,920 (bright pensive music) 847 00:48:44,920 --> 00:48:46,930 We'll have to settle for our neighborhood 848 00:48:46,930 --> 00:48:48,210 for a while longer. 849 00:48:49,210 --> 00:48:50,810 Space flight will be a means 850 00:48:50,810 --> 00:48:53,200 to make traveling on Earth faster. 851 00:48:55,770 --> 00:48:58,180 Before we can fly from Sydney to London 852 00:48:58,180 --> 00:48:59,860 in a matter of hours, 853 00:48:59,860 --> 00:49:02,080 sub-orbital flights will create 854 00:49:02,080 --> 00:49:04,370 a new breed of space tourists, 855 00:49:05,810 --> 00:49:09,260 but at a cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars, 856 00:49:09,260 --> 00:49:11,960 those few minutes of zero gravity 857 00:49:11,960 --> 00:49:15,824 will be off-limits to all but a privileged few. 858 00:49:15,824 --> 00:49:19,074 (bright pensive music) 859 00:49:21,740 --> 00:49:24,750 What I would like is for people, 860 00:49:24,750 --> 00:49:26,750 especially the super-rich, 861 00:49:26,750 --> 00:49:28,600 because they serve as a standard 862 00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:30,880 for what the average person wants, 863 00:49:30,880 --> 00:49:33,050 to understand that it's just not reasonable 864 00:49:33,050 --> 00:49:35,600 to demand to go wherever you want 865 00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:38,446 whenever you want at the speed that you want. 866 00:49:38,446 --> 00:49:42,720 (speaking in foreign language) 867 00:49:42,720 --> 00:49:45,050 I think the future of mobility 868 00:49:45,050 --> 00:49:48,530 lies more in reducing the need to travel 869 00:49:48,530 --> 00:49:50,640 and increasing connectivity 870 00:49:50,640 --> 00:49:53,800 than in pipe dreams like traveling to Mars, 871 00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:55,470 or God knows where. 872 00:49:58,060 --> 00:50:00,580 For now, we can only count 873 00:50:00,580 --> 00:50:02,940 on our small planet. 874 00:50:02,940 --> 00:50:06,100 There are ways to protect it, even as we travel, 875 00:50:06,990 --> 00:50:10,940 solutions that foster a global vision of transportation 876 00:50:10,940 --> 00:50:14,110 in a world with new energy models, 877 00:50:14,110 --> 00:50:17,730 a world where humans will feel at home again. 878 00:50:18,750 --> 00:50:20,370 I think we are moving a lot today. 879 00:50:20,370 --> 00:50:22,960 I think we'll move less tomorrow, 880 00:50:22,960 --> 00:50:24,610 but it will definitely not go to zero 881 00:50:24,610 --> 00:50:27,680 because the world is large, and there are beautiful places 882 00:50:27,680 --> 00:50:29,750 to see, and people to be with, and places to go, 883 00:50:29,750 --> 00:50:33,429 so I think we will always enjoy traveling and going out. 884 00:50:33,429 --> 00:50:36,512 (warm pensive music) 885 00:50:43,110 --> 00:50:46,527 (warm orchestral music)