1 00:00:01,400 --> 00:00:05,140 Our world is undergoing profound change. 2 00:00:05,140 --> 00:00:08,490 Science and technology are transforming our lives 3 00:00:08,490 --> 00:00:10,274 with dizzying speed. 4 00:00:10,274 --> 00:00:13,420 Astonishing innovations are ushering in 5 00:00:13,420 --> 00:00:15,310 a new era of opportunity. 6 00:00:16,299 --> 00:00:19,660 The high tech revolution is fueling creativity 7 00:00:19,660 --> 00:00:23,760 around the globe, inspiring visionary solutions. 8 00:00:25,703 --> 00:00:28,180 So, open your eyes and get ready 9 00:00:28,180 --> 00:00:33,180 for an amazing journey to 2050 to dream the future. 10 00:00:33,706 --> 00:00:36,289 (upbeat music) 11 00:00:47,869 --> 00:00:50,369 (piano music) 12 00:01:02,200 --> 00:01:05,560 Eternal life is the ultimate dream of mankind. 13 00:01:06,780 --> 00:01:09,840 Most of us will settle for protecting our health 14 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:11,050 and our loved ones. 15 00:01:13,230 --> 00:01:17,780 To live long and to live well, that's the goal of medicine. 16 00:01:21,470 --> 00:01:23,050 One of the major goals of the field, 17 00:01:23,050 --> 00:01:25,870 of course, is to improve patients' lives. 18 00:01:27,310 --> 00:01:32,310 Soon, two billion people will be over 60. 19 00:01:32,320 --> 00:01:34,340 Today, people do live longer, 20 00:01:34,340 --> 00:01:35,990 but not always in good health. 21 00:01:37,150 --> 00:01:39,300 The number of super-centenarians, 22 00:01:39,300 --> 00:01:42,360 people who live to 110, hasn't skyrocketed. 23 00:01:46,535 --> 00:01:49,881 People want to make the most of life, 24 00:01:49,881 --> 00:01:54,881 their youth, their good health, and that's it, 25 00:01:56,990 --> 00:01:58,240 it's become an obsession. 26 00:02:00,640 --> 00:02:03,970 The medicine of the future could be miraculous. 27 00:02:03,970 --> 00:02:06,780 Will it develop super drugs capable 28 00:02:06,780 --> 00:02:08,910 of wiping out terminal illnesses? 29 00:02:09,770 --> 00:02:12,230 Predict our destinies from birth? 30 00:02:12,230 --> 00:02:13,460 Only seconds old, 31 00:02:13,460 --> 00:02:17,160 the exact time and cause of my death was already known. 32 00:02:21,727 --> 00:02:24,644 (guitar strumming) 33 00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:27,370 Will it heal any injury? 34 00:02:29,750 --> 00:02:32,630 Or let us glimpse immortality? 35 00:02:33,690 --> 00:02:37,890 I was born February ninth, 1975. 36 00:02:39,570 --> 00:02:44,420 So, I guess it must be your birthday. 37 00:02:54,070 --> 00:02:56,270 Preventing and curing diseases, 38 00:02:57,240 --> 00:03:00,680 repairing our bodies and carrying on stronger than ever, 39 00:03:02,620 --> 00:03:05,040 those are the challenges for 2050. 40 00:03:07,310 --> 00:03:08,920 Dreamers from around the world 41 00:03:08,920 --> 00:03:11,520 are inventing the medicine of the future. 42 00:03:15,130 --> 00:03:19,460 I wish the doctors would find out how to grow back a leg, 43 00:03:21,332 --> 00:03:22,782 that would be a great future, 44 00:03:23,675 --> 00:03:26,090 but it would get these, I don't know, 45 00:03:26,090 --> 00:03:29,160 like salamanders or something that grow back their tails. 46 00:03:33,222 --> 00:03:38,040 My dream for 2050 is to build a medical industry 47 00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:41,870 in Africa in order to improve living conditions 48 00:03:41,870 --> 00:03:45,200 and patient monitoring across the continent. 49 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:48,120 I ask myself what good is it to develop technologies 50 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:49,340 if we don't use them to address 51 00:03:49,340 --> 00:03:51,400 humankind's most important problems? 52 00:03:52,540 --> 00:03:54,650 And ideally, we'll be able to produce 53 00:03:54,650 --> 00:03:56,520 human organs and human tissue. 54 00:03:59,090 --> 00:04:01,200 Just as the 20th century was dominated by 55 00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:04,651 the development of electronics and computer science, 56 00:04:04,651 --> 00:04:07,450 the 21st century will be dominated by our biology. 57 00:04:09,070 --> 00:04:11,310 These visionaries follow in the footsteps 58 00:04:11,310 --> 00:04:14,660 of those who have dreamed of protecting our health. 59 00:04:20,860 --> 00:04:23,120 Humans have always fought diseases, 60 00:04:23,120 --> 00:04:24,980 seeking remedies in nature. 61 00:04:26,170 --> 00:04:30,070 More than 3,600 years ago, the Egyptian Imhotep 62 00:04:30,930 --> 00:04:34,040 developed the art of closing wounds. 63 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:37,090 But they also wanted to understand diseases. 64 00:04:37,090 --> 00:04:40,830 Hippocrates, then Galen, and finally Avicenna, 65 00:04:40,830 --> 00:04:43,150 developed Western medicine. 66 00:04:43,150 --> 00:04:46,230 They listed illnesses, and devised cures, 67 00:04:46,230 --> 00:04:47,640 struggling to understand 68 00:04:47,640 --> 00:04:50,400 the human body and its malfunctions. 69 00:04:53,390 --> 00:04:56,590 Some dreamed of reaching inside the human body. 70 00:04:57,440 --> 00:04:58,610 In the 19th century, 71 00:04:58,610 --> 00:05:02,170 the French physician Laennec invented the stethoscope. 72 00:05:04,550 --> 00:05:09,550 In 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered the x-ray, 73 00:05:10,150 --> 00:05:12,550 ushering in the era of medical imaging. 74 00:05:14,250 --> 00:05:16,580 Scientists began looking for the origin 75 00:05:16,580 --> 00:05:19,170 of diseases at the microscopic level. 76 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:22,250 Louis Pasteur discovered the role 77 00:05:22,250 --> 00:05:25,410 of micro organisms in infectious diseases. 78 00:05:29,500 --> 00:05:33,760 In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, 79 00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:36,120 the beginning of antibiotics. 80 00:05:37,440 --> 00:05:40,040 We dreamed of replacing body parts. 81 00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:45,200 1967 saw the first successful heart transplant. 82 00:05:46,998 --> 00:05:50,060 James Watson and Francis Crick 83 00:05:50,060 --> 00:05:52,800 discovered the structure of DNA. 84 00:05:52,800 --> 00:05:56,240 In 2001, the human genome was decoded, 85 00:05:56,240 --> 00:05:59,440 setting the stage for repairing human genes directly. 86 00:06:00,510 --> 00:06:04,000 Medicine has become increasingly efficient. 87 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:06,040 What will it be like tomorrow? 88 00:06:07,399 --> 00:06:11,150 In the future, medicine will use technological advances, 89 00:06:11,150 --> 00:06:12,930 which are quickly emerging. 90 00:06:12,930 --> 00:06:16,240 Its main goals will be to detect illnesses sooner, 91 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:18,810 personalize treatment to minimize side effects, 92 00:06:18,810 --> 00:06:20,970 and integrate patient complexity. 93 00:06:20,970 --> 00:06:24,990 It will be targeted, customized, digital, and molecular. 94 00:06:31,490 --> 00:06:35,110 In public transportation, at home, or at work, 95 00:06:35,110 --> 00:06:37,930 communication technologies are everywhere. 96 00:06:38,840 --> 00:06:40,290 We're constantly connected 97 00:06:40,290 --> 00:06:42,320 through smart phones and computers. 98 00:06:44,600 --> 00:06:49,190 By 2050, digital technology will transform our health. 99 00:06:53,890 --> 00:06:56,420 An increasing number of watches, bracelets, 100 00:06:56,420 --> 00:07:00,020 and toothbrushes are already connected to the web, 101 00:07:00,020 --> 00:07:02,430 monitoring our body in real time. 102 00:07:11,200 --> 00:07:14,970 Heart rate, body mass index, blood pressure, 103 00:07:14,970 --> 00:07:19,020 our daily activities are now scrutinized and analyzed. 104 00:07:24,700 --> 00:07:28,480 These connected objects will change the face of medicine, 105 00:07:29,630 --> 00:07:31,840 helping to save lives in the poorest 106 00:07:31,840 --> 00:07:34,270 and most isolated parts of the world. 107 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:39,000 In 2050, connected healthcare 108 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:41,410 could put an end to medical deserts. 109 00:07:44,440 --> 00:07:48,110 In Cameroon, a young engineer's leading the way. 110 00:07:48,110 --> 00:07:50,040 He developed an innovative system 111 00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:53,010 for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. 112 00:07:55,686 --> 00:07:58,360 It all started out of curiosity. 113 00:07:58,360 --> 00:08:00,480 In the beginning, I was intrigued by 114 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:02,380 the way medical devices worked. 115 00:08:03,550 --> 00:08:06,080 In the field of cardiology, for instance, 116 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:09,610 the ECG device is very impressive because it produces 117 00:08:09,610 --> 00:08:12,280 tracings that only doctors can understand. 118 00:08:29,220 --> 00:08:32,130 The Cardiopad project began in 2009. 119 00:08:32,130 --> 00:08:34,250 Back then, I was studying computer science 120 00:08:34,250 --> 00:08:37,100 at the Ecole Polytechnique in Yaounde, 121 00:08:37,100 --> 00:08:39,830 and I started developing medical software programs. 122 00:08:45,610 --> 00:08:47,450 Then, I realized there was a shortage 123 00:08:47,450 --> 00:08:49,990 of cardiologists in the country, 124 00:08:49,990 --> 00:08:54,990 currently there are about 50 or 55 for 20 million people. 125 00:08:55,290 --> 00:08:57,420 The consequences are disastrous, 126 00:08:57,420 --> 00:08:59,820 it forces patients living in villages to travel 127 00:08:59,820 --> 00:09:02,540 every time they need medical exams, 128 00:09:02,540 --> 00:09:04,510 it's more difficult, more expensive, 129 00:09:04,510 --> 00:09:05,840 and more time consuming. 130 00:09:11,290 --> 00:09:14,410 In remote areas, fewer people will do those tests, 131 00:09:14,410 --> 00:09:16,660 which can lead to an increase in mortality 132 00:09:16,660 --> 00:09:18,780 due to cardiovascular diseases. 133 00:09:22,171 --> 00:09:26,150 In 2014, we launched the pilot phase of the project. 134 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:29,530 We chose two hospitals which we equipped 135 00:09:29,530 --> 00:09:31,680 with our devices free of charge, 136 00:09:31,680 --> 00:09:34,270 one in a village, and the other in a city. 137 00:09:36,370 --> 00:09:37,860 The devices are currently used, 138 00:09:37,860 --> 00:09:39,760 and cardiac exams are performed 139 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:40,990 in the village hospital. 140 00:09:43,740 --> 00:09:45,580 Zabana, come on in. 141 00:09:51,790 --> 00:09:56,790 The Cardiopad is fitted with a GSM, GPRS or 3G modem, 142 00:09:58,950 --> 00:10:01,090 and can send the data to a distant server. 143 00:10:02,450 --> 00:10:05,500 The results are transferred from the village to the city, 144 00:10:05,500 --> 00:10:07,980 where they will be interpreted by a cardiologist. 145 00:10:22,324 --> 00:10:24,150 The device will identify 146 00:10:24,150 --> 00:10:26,820 each heartbeat as normal or abnormal, 147 00:10:27,730 --> 00:10:30,410 according to the percentage of normal heartbeats, 148 00:10:30,410 --> 00:10:33,830 the tablet will make an initial diagnosis, 149 00:10:33,830 --> 00:10:37,440 which will be confirmed or ruled out by the cardiologist. 150 00:10:38,690 --> 00:10:40,090 We will then be able to tell patients 151 00:10:40,090 --> 00:10:42,490 what they're suffering from, and how to proceed. 152 00:10:46,500 --> 00:10:48,970 The pilot phase has been very useful 153 00:10:48,970 --> 00:10:50,760 because it has allowed us to collect 154 00:10:50,760 --> 00:10:53,670 doctors' feedback in order to improve the device. 155 00:10:54,820 --> 00:10:56,940 We've added many features over time 156 00:10:56,940 --> 00:10:59,140 to integrate all of the parameters needed 157 00:10:59,140 --> 00:11:00,730 for an accurate interpretation. 158 00:11:03,753 --> 00:11:06,000 We're currently working on a project 159 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:08,380 to develop devices for personal use. 160 00:11:09,220 --> 00:11:11,670 It would enable us to transfer the results directly 161 00:11:11,670 --> 00:11:14,210 from the patient's home to the cardiologist. 162 00:11:16,658 --> 00:11:19,590 For me, the healthcare of the future in Africa 163 00:11:19,590 --> 00:11:24,530 should be accessible, widespread, and much more affordable. 164 00:11:24,530 --> 00:11:25,720 This starts with the development 165 00:11:25,720 --> 00:11:28,270 of a growing number of low cost devices 166 00:11:28,270 --> 00:11:30,380 using fairly efficient technologies 167 00:11:30,380 --> 00:11:33,470 which are accessible to district hospitals, 168 00:11:33,470 --> 00:11:35,930 or with a direct connection between patients 169 00:11:35,930 --> 00:11:38,840 at home and the specialists who treat them. 170 00:11:43,370 --> 00:11:48,290 My dream for 2050 is to build a medical industry in Africa 171 00:11:48,290 --> 00:11:51,410 that is a group of companies mass producing 172 00:11:51,410 --> 00:11:53,940 low cost medical devices 173 00:11:53,940 --> 00:11:56,170 in order to improve living conditions 174 00:11:56,170 --> 00:11:58,830 and patient monitoring across the continent. 175 00:12:03,890 --> 00:12:06,000 Linking to a healthcare network 176 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:09,200 seems like a great solution for the future. 177 00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:10,980 But where would doctors fit in? 178 00:12:13,190 --> 00:12:15,680 Their role will clearly evolve. 179 00:12:15,680 --> 00:12:19,190 First of all, they will have to master the technology. 180 00:12:19,190 --> 00:12:20,810 When doctors prescribe drugs, 181 00:12:20,810 --> 00:12:23,680 they must be aware of side effects and malfunctions. 182 00:12:23,680 --> 00:12:26,630 Likewise, when there's a technological malfunction, 183 00:12:26,630 --> 00:12:28,960 they will be responsible for the device, 184 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:30,650 they will have to learn how to use it 185 00:12:30,650 --> 00:12:32,740 and explain how it works to the patient. 186 00:12:32,740 --> 00:12:34,480 Hospitals will also evolve, 187 00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:35,900 their role will be to manage 188 00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:39,200 digital communication infrastructures and to store data, 189 00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:41,100 and new jobs will start to appear, 190 00:12:41,100 --> 00:12:42,910 new types of health professionals 191 00:12:42,910 --> 00:12:45,840 for a more customized, digital healthcare. 192 00:12:48,550 --> 00:12:51,270 Digital monitoring will flood the internet 193 00:12:51,270 --> 00:12:53,130 with sensitive personal data. 194 00:12:54,360 --> 00:12:58,150 Family history, surgeries, chronic diseases, 195 00:12:58,150 --> 00:13:00,940 our most intimate medical details. 196 00:13:06,580 --> 00:13:09,440 Will the data collected actually enable patients 197 00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:11,420 to improve their health through 198 00:13:11,420 --> 00:13:13,820 better prevention or disease management? 199 00:13:17,221 --> 00:13:20,740 Or, will it mostly benefit insurance companies, 200 00:13:20,740 --> 00:13:23,760 which will adjust rates and coverage accordingly? 201 00:13:29,660 --> 00:13:32,570 The confidentiality of our medical information 202 00:13:32,570 --> 00:13:36,140 is a major issue, but the integrated data 203 00:13:36,140 --> 00:13:39,050 also opens the way to a new kind of healing. 204 00:13:40,670 --> 00:13:43,230 Each doctor will have permanent access 205 00:13:43,230 --> 00:13:46,470 to our whole medical and biological history. 206 00:13:46,470 --> 00:13:50,700 This could improve the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. 207 00:13:53,700 --> 00:13:56,370 Medical imaging is another key tool. 208 00:13:57,320 --> 00:13:59,060 It has made dramatic progress, 209 00:13:59,060 --> 00:14:01,640 and can already detect minute tumors. 210 00:14:03,570 --> 00:14:06,160 And, thanks to 3D body scanning, 211 00:14:06,160 --> 00:14:09,160 everyone will have a digital self by 2050. 212 00:14:12,190 --> 00:14:15,880 Realtime medical imaging serves as a comprehensive tool 213 00:14:15,880 --> 00:14:19,160 for doctors, and a crucial one for surgeons. 214 00:14:24,471 --> 00:14:27,750 We can expect to see far more detailed imaging 215 00:14:27,750 --> 00:14:30,870 in the future, surgeons will be able to see veins, 216 00:14:30,870 --> 00:14:33,780 arteries, and nerves invisible to the naked eye. 217 00:14:34,870 --> 00:14:36,700 They will be able to see cells. 218 00:14:36,700 --> 00:14:38,010 It's extraordinary to think that 219 00:14:38,010 --> 00:14:39,960 thanks to confocal microscopy, 220 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:42,200 surgeons will have the ability to see cells 221 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:44,390 measuring 200 microns in diameter. 222 00:14:45,512 --> 00:14:47,470 It used to be unimaginable, 223 00:14:47,470 --> 00:14:49,363 and then they will see the invisible 224 00:14:49,363 --> 00:14:52,500 thanks to advanced fluorescent techniques, 225 00:14:52,500 --> 00:14:54,260 they will be able to see blood flow, 226 00:14:54,260 --> 00:14:56,197 or visualize vascularization 227 00:14:56,197 --> 00:14:59,470 of an intestine before cutting or suturing it. 228 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:09,990 In 2050, there will be no more 229 00:15:09,990 --> 00:15:13,780 lengthy medical exams and long waits for results. 230 00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:19,800 We will have access to labs on a chip, 231 00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:21,610 miniaturized laboratories 232 00:15:21,610 --> 00:15:24,490 that swiftly make precise diagnoses. 233 00:15:26,370 --> 00:15:29,160 That's precisely what engineer Luc Gervais 234 00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:31,610 is developing in Switzerland. 235 00:15:31,610 --> 00:15:34,510 His microfluidic chip promises 236 00:15:34,510 --> 00:15:37,240 a revolution in medical analysis 237 00:15:37,240 --> 00:15:40,010 similar to the invention of microprocessors. 238 00:15:43,750 --> 00:15:46,910 Just as the 20th century was dominated by physics, 239 00:15:46,910 --> 00:15:48,550 the invention of the transistor, 240 00:15:48,550 --> 00:15:51,820 the development of electronics and computer science, 241 00:15:51,820 --> 00:15:55,280 many say that the 21st century will be dominated by biology. 242 00:16:00,570 --> 00:16:03,370 My father's always been passionate about computers. 243 00:16:03,370 --> 00:16:04,630 When I was in high school, 244 00:16:04,630 --> 00:16:07,890 I used to program my graphing calculator. 245 00:16:07,890 --> 00:16:09,410 I worked on computers a lot, 246 00:16:09,410 --> 00:16:11,360 even before I took a programming class. 247 00:16:23,430 --> 00:16:26,200 One Drop Diagnostic is a company developing 248 00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:28,739 a new kind of medical diagnosis, 249 00:16:28,739 --> 00:16:31,990 a device capable of detecting several diseases 250 00:16:31,990 --> 00:16:35,550 from a single drop of blood in less than 10 minutes. 251 00:16:41,630 --> 00:16:45,220 The lab on a chip is made of two main components, 252 00:16:45,220 --> 00:16:49,670 a disposable microfluidic chip, and a reusable tablet. 253 00:16:49,670 --> 00:16:51,040 It's very easy to use. 254 00:16:51,910 --> 00:16:54,060 First, I prick my finger, 255 00:16:54,060 --> 00:16:57,220 and then I place a drop of blood on the chip. 256 00:17:00,500 --> 00:17:03,370 One drop of blood contains millions of cells, 257 00:17:03,370 --> 00:17:06,640 platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, 258 00:17:06,640 --> 00:17:09,770 but also thousands of trillions of proteins, 259 00:17:09,770 --> 00:17:12,260 nuclei acids, and tiny molecules. 260 00:17:13,300 --> 00:17:14,810 The microfluidic chip will filter 261 00:17:14,810 --> 00:17:17,010 the blood out and analyze the plasma, 262 00:17:17,010 --> 00:17:20,450 which contains biomarkers linked to specific diseases. 263 00:17:20,450 --> 00:17:22,530 Several biomarkers have already been identified 264 00:17:22,530 --> 00:17:25,768 for cancer or cardiovascular diseases, 265 00:17:25,768 --> 00:17:28,920 blood sugar levels can be used for diabetes. 266 00:17:32,230 --> 00:17:35,410 Doctors will interpret the concentration of these biomarkers 267 00:17:35,410 --> 00:17:37,910 to detect a potential disease in a patient. 268 00:17:47,140 --> 00:17:48,270 I've thought of several features 269 00:17:48,270 --> 00:17:49,900 we could integrate into the chip 270 00:17:49,900 --> 00:17:52,580 that would be innovative, revolutionary even, 271 00:17:52,580 --> 00:17:54,900 with respect to medical diagnosis. 272 00:17:56,050 --> 00:17:58,930 So, I started putting these ideas on paper 273 00:17:58,930 --> 00:18:00,950 and developing the technology. 274 00:18:07,020 --> 00:18:11,100 The first microfluidic chip was developed in 2012, 275 00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:13,270 along with the first prototypes. 276 00:18:13,270 --> 00:18:14,660 We then adjusted the design 277 00:18:14,660 --> 00:18:16,540 to improve the chip's performance. 278 00:18:18,130 --> 00:18:23,130 Imagine the biomarkers in the blood sample as keys, 279 00:18:25,132 --> 00:18:29,330 and the microfluidic chip as being full of locks. 280 00:18:31,770 --> 00:18:33,600 Certain biochemical reagents 281 00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:37,120 inside the chip detect the biomarkers. 282 00:18:38,430 --> 00:18:41,180 It works like a lock and key, 283 00:18:41,180 --> 00:18:42,700 the reagents are very specific, 284 00:18:42,700 --> 00:18:44,780 only one key will fit into the lock. 285 00:18:55,070 --> 00:18:56,730 With medical diagnoses, 286 00:18:56,730 --> 00:18:59,840 time can make the difference between life and death. 287 00:18:59,840 --> 00:19:02,050 The quicker we can diagnose a heart attack, 288 00:19:02,050 --> 00:19:03,250 the quicker we'll be able to give 289 00:19:03,250 --> 00:19:05,900 the right treatment and save the patient's life. 290 00:19:09,446 --> 00:19:13,350 This device can detect hundreds of illnesses, cancers, 291 00:19:13,350 --> 00:19:17,510 for instance, and infectious diseases such as the flu, 292 00:19:17,510 --> 00:19:21,990 HIV, or hepatitis, even allergies. 293 00:19:23,570 --> 00:19:27,130 It can also monitor liver, or thyroid functions. 294 00:19:27,130 --> 00:19:29,540 One of the main benefits of this technology 295 00:19:29,540 --> 00:19:32,910 is that it reduces costs drastically. 296 00:19:32,910 --> 00:19:34,790 The medical diagnosis is much cheaper 297 00:19:34,790 --> 00:19:36,800 than with automated analyzers, 298 00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:38,870 it will enable physicians to diagnose 299 00:19:38,870 --> 00:19:41,330 poor people in developing countries. 300 00:19:48,510 --> 00:19:50,400 I imagine that by 2050, 301 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:52,570 this device will be available everywhere, 302 00:19:52,570 --> 00:19:54,990 and that patients will be able to use it at home, 303 00:19:54,990 --> 00:19:57,550 at the doctor's office, or at the pharmacy. 304 00:19:58,960 --> 00:20:02,800 My dream is that biology becomes a data driven science, 305 00:20:02,800 --> 00:20:06,870 and that we eventually know everything about the human body, 306 00:20:06,870 --> 00:20:10,330 the same way we understand everything about a microchip. 307 00:20:10,330 --> 00:20:14,110 I hope we'll be able to efficiently diagnose illnesses 308 00:20:14,110 --> 00:20:17,630 to provide a treatment based on that diagnosis, 309 00:20:17,630 --> 00:20:21,320 and to treat all diseases currently afflicting humankind. 310 00:20:24,100 --> 00:20:27,070 Medical microchips will save lives 311 00:20:27,070 --> 00:20:30,220 as biological analysis detects diseases 312 00:20:30,220 --> 00:20:32,240 far earlier than other methods. 313 00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:41,269 In 2050, we will subscribe to our daily health newsletter 314 00:20:41,269 --> 00:20:44,130 just as we check the weather forecast every morning. 315 00:20:45,490 --> 00:20:48,770 So, wouldn't it be great if would can actually detect 316 00:20:48,770 --> 00:20:53,728 heart disease way before it gets serious, 317 00:20:53,728 --> 00:20:57,380 and to be able to heal it at that time 318 00:20:57,380 --> 00:20:59,660 before it gets to be chronic? 319 00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:05,830 Being able to detect diseases 320 00:21:05,830 --> 00:21:10,470 before they take hold, will this be our reality in 2050? 321 00:21:13,160 --> 00:21:14,910 Some are betting on decoding 322 00:21:14,910 --> 00:21:19,380 the human genome to prevent and even predict diseases. 323 00:21:20,740 --> 00:21:24,390 They believe analysis of our DNA could reveal 324 00:21:24,390 --> 00:21:27,380 our predisposition to certain pathologies, 325 00:21:27,380 --> 00:21:30,570 and even forecast our life expectancy. 326 00:21:35,120 --> 00:21:36,360 Only seconds old, 327 00:21:36,360 --> 00:21:40,100 the exact time and cause of my death was already known. 328 00:21:45,610 --> 00:21:48,660 Neurological condition 60 percent probability, 329 00:21:48,660 --> 00:21:51,880 manic depression 42 percent probability, 330 00:21:51,880 --> 00:21:55,340 attention deficit disorder 89 percent probability, 331 00:21:55,340 --> 00:22:00,340 heart disorder 99 percent probability, 332 00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:04,780 early fatal potential, life expectancy 30.2 years. 333 00:22:07,710 --> 00:22:10,090 The idea that you could predict every disease 334 00:22:10,090 --> 00:22:12,900 that will affect a patient from their genome sequence 335 00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:14,620 is completely illusory. 336 00:22:15,810 --> 00:22:18,080 We already know that it's a misconception. 337 00:22:19,150 --> 00:22:21,300 Our knowledge of the genome can predict 338 00:22:21,300 --> 00:22:23,560 and therefore prevent a few diseases, 339 00:22:23,560 --> 00:22:25,500 mostly very rare conditions. 340 00:22:30,630 --> 00:22:33,410 It can also predict intolerance to certain drugs, 341 00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:36,000 but these only represent 342 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:38,710 a very small portion of medical procedures. 343 00:22:40,090 --> 00:22:43,670 The vast majority has to do with environmental factors, 344 00:22:43,670 --> 00:22:45,360 for which our knowledge of the genome 345 00:22:45,360 --> 00:22:47,000 won't be very informative. 346 00:22:50,350 --> 00:22:51,950 But genetic analysis 347 00:22:51,950 --> 00:22:54,380 could play a major role in treatment. 348 00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:58,010 Detecting genetic defects allows 349 00:22:58,010 --> 00:23:01,500 personalized treatment for each and every one of us. 350 00:23:03,680 --> 00:23:05,370 Target treatments use 351 00:23:05,370 --> 00:23:08,610 the individual characteristics of the patient. 352 00:23:10,540 --> 00:23:13,252 They target molecular characteristics 353 00:23:13,252 --> 00:23:16,190 specific to their pathology. 354 00:23:19,170 --> 00:23:22,660 In Paris, a team of young researchers 355 00:23:22,660 --> 00:23:25,840 is designing the drugs of the future. 356 00:23:25,840 --> 00:23:29,060 Their goal is a groundbreaking antibiotic 357 00:23:29,060 --> 00:23:30,540 suitable for everyone. 358 00:23:33,610 --> 00:23:35,570 I've always wanted to do research. 359 00:23:35,570 --> 00:23:38,970 When I was 12, I met a researcher who loved genetics, 360 00:23:38,970 --> 00:23:41,520 he was a French pioneer in that field, 361 00:23:41,520 --> 00:23:43,540 and passed his passion onto me. 362 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:46,250 I specialized in that discipline, 363 00:23:46,250 --> 00:23:48,970 but after a while I asked myself what good is it 364 00:23:48,970 --> 00:23:50,890 to develop technologies if we don't use them 365 00:23:50,890 --> 00:23:52,900 to address humankind's biggest problems? 366 00:24:15,710 --> 00:24:19,500 The human body contains more than 10,000 trillion bacteria, 367 00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:23,060 whether on our skin, in our lungs, or in our intestines, 368 00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:25,940 they're called commensal bacteria, and are, 369 00:24:25,940 --> 00:24:28,090 for the most part, essential for the proper 370 00:24:28,090 --> 00:24:30,120 and healthy functioning of the body. 371 00:24:32,610 --> 00:24:35,890 Current antibiotics are like weapons of mass destruction, 372 00:24:35,890 --> 00:24:39,220 killing all bacteria, good and bad. 373 00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:43,680 This is a major cause of antibiotic resistance. 374 00:24:53,470 --> 00:24:56,060 Antibiotic resistance has been dubbed 375 00:24:56,060 --> 00:24:59,540 one of the biggest scourges of the 21st century. 376 00:25:00,530 --> 00:25:03,940 By 2050, according to the World Health Organization, 377 00:25:03,940 --> 00:25:06,210 the primary cause of death in the world 378 00:25:06,210 --> 00:25:10,560 will be infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria. 379 00:25:12,020 --> 00:25:14,810 If we don't design medication now to prevent 380 00:25:14,810 --> 00:25:18,450 those multi drug resistant bacteria from developing 381 00:25:18,450 --> 00:25:20,745 and spreading across the globe, 382 00:25:20,745 --> 00:25:23,790 we won't dare perform surgery on a patient 383 00:25:23,790 --> 00:25:26,610 for a prosthesis, or a wisdom tooth, 384 00:25:26,610 --> 00:25:28,260 due to the high risk of infection 385 00:25:28,260 --> 00:25:30,300 by these bacteria that can't be killed. 386 00:25:33,560 --> 00:25:37,630 Here at Eligo Bioscience, we're designing smart antibiotics. 387 00:25:37,630 --> 00:25:39,550 We call them eligobiotics, 388 00:25:39,550 --> 00:25:42,090 from the Latin eligo, which means to select. 389 00:25:42,090 --> 00:25:44,500 They can selectively eradicate harmful bacteria 390 00:25:44,500 --> 00:25:47,450 while sparing the beneficial ones present in our body, 391 00:25:47,450 --> 00:25:49,670 on the skin, or in the intestines. 392 00:25:52,430 --> 00:25:55,270 Smart antibiotics are a game changer. 393 00:25:58,450 --> 00:26:00,840 In order to fight these resistant bacteria, 394 00:26:00,840 --> 00:26:03,410 we're using a system called CRISPR, 395 00:26:03,410 --> 00:26:05,370 molecular scissors that cut the DNA 396 00:26:05,370 --> 00:26:07,600 of resistant and virulent bacteria. 397 00:26:11,050 --> 00:26:12,630 To deliver these molecular scissors 398 00:26:12,630 --> 00:26:14,760 among the bacteria in our body, 399 00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:17,250 we will actually use a virus that attacks them, 400 00:26:17,250 --> 00:26:18,950 which we are able to reprogram 401 00:26:18,950 --> 00:26:20,950 in order to inject our DNA scissors. 402 00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:25,450 One of the strengths of the CRISPR system is that 403 00:26:25,450 --> 00:26:28,640 it can specifically cut the DNA of harmful bacteria, 404 00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:29,760 thereby killing them. 405 00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:39,470 We need to know exactly which bacteria 406 00:26:39,470 --> 00:26:42,140 are making us sick in order to destroy them. 407 00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:45,480 This strategy will therefore be part 408 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:47,670 of a personalized healthcare program. 409 00:26:49,860 --> 00:26:51,640 The diagnosis will reveal precisely 410 00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:53,540 what kind of bacteria are harmful, 411 00:26:53,540 --> 00:26:57,660 and then the eligobiotic will target them. 412 00:26:57,660 --> 00:26:58,980 We have already demonstrated 413 00:26:58,980 --> 00:27:02,090 in vivo proof of concept on mice. 414 00:27:02,090 --> 00:27:04,340 We were able to achieve decolonization 415 00:27:04,340 --> 00:27:07,810 of antibiotic resistant staphylococcus aureus, 416 00:27:07,810 --> 00:27:10,460 which has already killed human patients. 417 00:27:10,460 --> 00:27:13,580 In 2050, medicine will be much more preventive. 418 00:27:13,580 --> 00:27:15,890 Thanks to the development of new technologies, 419 00:27:15,890 --> 00:27:18,480 we'll be able to diagnose the cause of illnesses. 420 00:27:18,480 --> 00:27:19,880 Within that framework, 421 00:27:19,880 --> 00:27:22,460 eligobiotics will make even more sense, 422 00:27:22,460 --> 00:27:24,030 because we'll be able to eradicate 423 00:27:24,030 --> 00:27:27,050 the few bacteria responsible for numerous pathologies 424 00:27:27,050 --> 00:27:29,910 long before they multiply and cause symptoms. 425 00:27:32,650 --> 00:27:35,180 As medicine becomes more preventive, 426 00:27:35,180 --> 00:27:38,170 could we imagine never getting sick again? 427 00:27:42,660 --> 00:27:45,240 In the future, we will combine our knowledge 428 00:27:45,240 --> 00:27:48,470 of the physiology of the system we want to target 429 00:27:48,470 --> 00:27:51,050 with the various tools we'll have at our disposal. 430 00:27:55,430 --> 00:27:58,950 Treatments will not consist of one molecule for one target, 431 00:27:58,950 --> 00:28:01,370 or the same molecule for everyone. 432 00:28:01,370 --> 00:28:04,780 We'll use combinations adapted to each individual situation. 433 00:28:13,380 --> 00:28:17,810 In 2050, we'll be able to regenerate organs. 434 00:28:20,490 --> 00:28:23,700 Regenerative medicine aims at replacing cells, 435 00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:27,050 organs, or functions that have been damaged or destroyed. 436 00:28:31,060 --> 00:28:34,010 Geneticists are reprogramming cells 437 00:28:34,010 --> 00:28:37,730 to turn them into livers, hearts, and skin. 438 00:28:39,485 --> 00:28:43,280 I don't think the promise of regenerative medicine 439 00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:46,480 by 2050 is in the realm of science fiction. 440 00:28:48,020 --> 00:28:50,090 There will be major breakthroughs such as 441 00:28:50,090 --> 00:28:54,010 the use of nano materials, which, injected into organs, 442 00:28:54,010 --> 00:28:55,670 will stimulate stem cells. 443 00:28:58,510 --> 00:29:01,210 Or, the ability to 3D print living cells 444 00:29:01,210 --> 00:29:04,390 to rebuild and replace organs. 445 00:29:11,460 --> 00:29:13,960 Our hope for the future in terms of its potential 446 00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:17,710 is to be able to heal more organs, 447 00:29:17,710 --> 00:29:19,730 and to help to restore more patients 448 00:29:19,730 --> 00:29:22,580 back to their normal health using these technologies. 449 00:29:23,940 --> 00:29:25,680 Crazy as it sounds, 450 00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:28,630 our failing bodies will one day be repaired 451 00:29:28,630 --> 00:29:32,460 with custom made organs from a 3D printer. 452 00:29:34,430 --> 00:29:37,150 Swedish researchers at Chalmers University 453 00:29:37,150 --> 00:29:39,200 are firm believers. 454 00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:41,560 They're creating a bio ink 455 00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:44,310 that makes printing organs possible. 456 00:29:49,140 --> 00:29:53,460 I always considered myself as a revolutionary person, 457 00:29:53,460 --> 00:29:57,390 I have always tried to differentiate myself. 458 00:29:57,390 --> 00:30:00,720 Me and my team, Hector and Eda, 459 00:30:00,720 --> 00:30:03,980 we are innovators at the edge of the regenerative medicine, 460 00:30:03,980 --> 00:30:05,960 and ideally, we'll be able to produce 461 00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:07,870 human organs and human tissue. 462 00:30:17,110 --> 00:30:21,070 My first interaction with bio printing was here in Sweden, 463 00:30:21,070 --> 00:30:24,760 and I made a visit to my father's lab 464 00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:26,670 at Chalmers University, 465 00:30:26,670 --> 00:30:30,530 and they had just acquired a bio printer, 466 00:30:30,530 --> 00:30:32,580 and I came into the lab, and you know, 467 00:30:32,580 --> 00:30:35,583 I still remember the day I walked in and I saw 468 00:30:35,583 --> 00:30:38,840 this new equipment, it was just standing on the bench, 469 00:30:38,840 --> 00:30:40,400 and you could see the fact that 470 00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:42,990 this could potentially print life. 471 00:30:42,990 --> 00:30:46,019 And, you get this idea of what 472 00:30:46,019 --> 00:30:48,210 could be possible with this technology. 473 00:30:49,730 --> 00:30:54,350 We are experts in the field of bio printing human tissue, 474 00:30:54,350 --> 00:30:56,680 human organs, and tissue models. 475 00:30:56,680 --> 00:30:59,270 The company was started as a bio materials company 476 00:30:59,270 --> 00:31:02,940 focusing on producing the bio ink for bio printers, 477 00:31:02,940 --> 00:31:05,670 and the bio ink is basically the ink 478 00:31:05,670 --> 00:31:08,280 that you put into a paper printer, for instance, 479 00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:11,560 for that example, or the plastic filament into 3D printers. 480 00:31:12,670 --> 00:31:15,895 So, we produce that filament, the bio ink. 481 00:31:15,895 --> 00:31:17,760 Our bio material Cellink 482 00:31:17,760 --> 00:31:19,530 is based on very natural components, 483 00:31:19,530 --> 00:31:22,920 and it contains about 80 to 90 percent water. 484 00:31:22,920 --> 00:31:25,440 This means that this produces an ideal environment 485 00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:28,410 for cells to survive, but also to feel like home, 486 00:31:28,410 --> 00:31:30,920 they feel like they're inside the human being. 487 00:31:30,920 --> 00:31:32,900 We've actually developed a tool, 488 00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:34,390 which we call the cell mixer, 489 00:31:34,390 --> 00:31:36,150 it's a device that allows you to mix 490 00:31:36,150 --> 00:31:39,810 the human cells together with the Cellink bio material. 491 00:31:39,810 --> 00:31:42,230 It's a two compartment, two syringe system where 492 00:31:42,230 --> 00:31:46,320 you have one syringe with the human cells in suspension, 493 00:31:46,320 --> 00:31:51,210 and one syringe with the bio ink, the Cellink material, 494 00:31:51,210 --> 00:31:53,380 and then you mix them together and create a cocktail 495 00:31:53,380 --> 00:31:58,380 or a mixture of basically living material to print with. 496 00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:03,000 Idea behind this is really to produce human body parts 497 00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:06,520 and organs, and then for that fact to be true, 498 00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:08,060 you obviously have to produce them 499 00:32:08,060 --> 00:32:09,950 in the shape that they should look, 500 00:32:09,950 --> 00:32:12,300 so an ear, for instance, must look like an ear. 501 00:32:13,620 --> 00:32:16,590 So, for instance, let's say that we would like to print 502 00:32:16,590 --> 00:32:21,140 a patient's own ear, we take a picture of the existing ear, 503 00:32:21,140 --> 00:32:23,660 make a replica in a computer model, 504 00:32:23,660 --> 00:32:26,410 and then send that file to our software 505 00:32:26,410 --> 00:32:29,350 and then to the printer, and then the printer can print out 506 00:32:29,350 --> 00:32:30,810 the actually patient's ear 507 00:32:30,810 --> 00:32:32,670 in full structure and full detail. 508 00:32:32,670 --> 00:32:34,090 And that's the concept behind it, 509 00:32:34,090 --> 00:32:36,560 and this will be able to be done with every single 510 00:32:36,560 --> 00:32:39,340 organ and body part inside the human being. 511 00:33:06,220 --> 00:33:08,430 We have worked for several months 512 00:33:08,430 --> 00:33:10,650 in terms of developing cartilage models, 513 00:33:10,650 --> 00:33:14,300 and currently we're also developing skin tissue models 514 00:33:14,300 --> 00:33:16,340 and developing a bio ink and bio material 515 00:33:16,340 --> 00:33:21,150 that's specific for skin tissue applications. 516 00:33:21,150 --> 00:33:23,100 Next step will be to develop a bio ink 517 00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:26,420 specific for kidney tissue, 518 00:33:26,420 --> 00:33:31,420 and then in the future possibly for liver and other organs. 519 00:33:38,840 --> 00:33:41,220 What drives and motivates me behind this company 520 00:33:41,220 --> 00:33:43,270 is the ability to make change, 521 00:33:43,270 --> 00:33:45,560 and make change in regenerative medicine, 522 00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:47,270 and make change for the populations 523 00:33:47,270 --> 00:33:50,009 and the future of human beings. 524 00:33:50,009 --> 00:33:53,590 We have the opportunity to change the way the world works, 525 00:33:53,590 --> 00:33:55,740 and that is at the core, 526 00:33:55,740 --> 00:33:58,470 my true understanding of what I want to do. 527 00:33:59,470 --> 00:34:03,070 In the future, we will be able to print out human organs 528 00:34:03,070 --> 00:34:06,080 and human body parts straight in the operating room 529 00:34:06,080 --> 00:34:08,230 and implant them directly into the patient. 530 00:34:10,970 --> 00:34:14,190 By 2050, will scientists have overcome 531 00:34:14,190 --> 00:34:16,810 the last hurdles left to recreate 532 00:34:16,810 --> 00:34:19,600 hearts, livers, and kidneys? 533 00:34:21,930 --> 00:34:23,950 One of the challenges for solid organs 534 00:34:23,950 --> 00:34:26,870 is the vascularity, the ability of these organs 535 00:34:26,870 --> 00:34:30,170 to survive long term with enough nutrition. 536 00:34:30,170 --> 00:34:32,430 Currently, using our bio printing strategies, 537 00:34:32,430 --> 00:34:36,160 we are creating miniature solid organs 538 00:34:36,160 --> 00:34:41,160 like kidney, lung, heart, but these are miniature organs. 539 00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:44,090 What we're working on over the next few years 540 00:34:44,090 --> 00:34:46,260 is how can we take these miniature organs 541 00:34:46,260 --> 00:34:47,960 and make them larger so we can 542 00:34:47,960 --> 00:34:49,930 implant them back into patients. 543 00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:53,080 These organs will be implanted 544 00:34:53,080 --> 00:34:57,070 into the patient in the operating room of the future, 545 00:34:57,070 --> 00:35:00,550 where robots and surgeons work hand in hand. 546 00:35:03,630 --> 00:35:08,110 One can imagine that by 2050, surgery will be automated. 547 00:35:09,110 --> 00:35:13,250 By automated, I mean actual robotic surgery. 548 00:35:13,250 --> 00:35:16,150 The operation will be performed by a robot, 549 00:35:16,150 --> 00:35:19,230 while a surgeon simply oversees the process. 550 00:35:19,230 --> 00:35:21,030 He can press a button to stop the operation 551 00:35:21,030 --> 00:35:22,630 if something unexpected happens. 552 00:35:27,770 --> 00:35:30,080 Can we imagine wiping away 553 00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:33,940 the consequences of a major accident, or a defect? 554 00:35:35,180 --> 00:35:38,940 Will disabled people regain mobility and feeling 555 00:35:38,940 --> 00:35:42,450 thanks to prosthetics packed with microprocessors 556 00:35:42,450 --> 00:35:44,470 and perfectly suited to the body? 557 00:35:49,340 --> 00:35:52,850 In Reykjavík, Iceland, one company specializes 558 00:35:52,850 --> 00:35:55,540 in smart prosthetics for the lower limbs. 559 00:36:03,270 --> 00:36:06,260 To keep improving their bionic products, 560 00:36:06,260 --> 00:36:08,850 innovators team up with amputees 561 00:36:08,850 --> 00:36:11,951 such as in house engineer David Johnson, 562 00:36:11,951 --> 00:36:15,760 and Olympic javelin champion Helgi Svensson. 563 00:36:25,580 --> 00:36:29,120 The technology in the last 10 to 15 years 564 00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:33,140 had evolved very quickly, and we can now demonstrate 565 00:36:33,140 --> 00:36:35,490 that it's not only a question 566 00:36:35,490 --> 00:36:37,860 of putting a peg leg onto people, 567 00:36:37,860 --> 00:36:40,320 it's much more a question about restoring 568 00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:43,050 their overall lifestyle and providing a life 569 00:36:43,050 --> 00:36:45,400 without limitation to amputees as well. 570 00:36:55,640 --> 00:36:57,660 Most prosthetic products right now 571 00:36:57,660 --> 00:37:00,390 are only a mechanical device that rely on 572 00:37:00,390 --> 00:37:03,540 very, very simple mechanical mechanism 573 00:37:03,540 --> 00:37:06,600 in order to mostly just generate a bit of motion 574 00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:10,340 during swing phase, like when your leg clears the ground, 575 00:37:10,340 --> 00:37:15,200 and then has a very, very simple breaking system 576 00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:18,240 just to prevent it from buckling when you put weight on it. 577 00:37:20,610 --> 00:37:23,050 The latest innovation that we've been working on 578 00:37:23,050 --> 00:37:25,650 for lower limb prosthetic technology at Ossur 579 00:37:26,720 --> 00:37:29,980 are a lot related in making leg prosthesis 580 00:37:29,980 --> 00:37:32,210 or knee prosthesis much more convivial 581 00:37:32,210 --> 00:37:35,260 for use by the typical amputee, 582 00:37:35,260 --> 00:37:36,840 because if the modern prosthetic device 583 00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:40,510 has a computer directly embedded in the device, 584 00:37:40,510 --> 00:37:43,160 then it's possible to implement 585 00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:46,620 artificial intelligence algorithms and embedded sensors 586 00:37:46,620 --> 00:37:50,470 that would actually measure either speeds 587 00:37:50,470 --> 00:37:55,400 or accelerations or loads in order to make a decision 588 00:37:55,400 --> 00:37:58,280 or an informed decision on what the user's trying to do, 589 00:37:58,280 --> 00:38:00,550 and what is the most appropriate behavior 590 00:38:00,550 --> 00:38:03,160 for the prosthetic device to implement 591 00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:05,760 in order to properly support the task at hand. 592 00:38:07,830 --> 00:38:09,260 The device will recognize that 593 00:38:09,260 --> 00:38:11,360 he's actually switching to running, 594 00:38:11,360 --> 00:38:13,920 and will automatically and instantly adjust 595 00:38:13,920 --> 00:38:16,790 its behavior to better support the running task. 596 00:38:18,110 --> 00:38:20,470 For sure, one of the major next steps 597 00:38:20,470 --> 00:38:23,350 we're foreseeing for evolution of the prosthetic, 598 00:38:23,350 --> 00:38:25,190 our lower limb prosthetic technology, 599 00:38:25,190 --> 00:38:29,000 is to be able to close that gap between controlling 600 00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:31,710 the prosthetic device and the user intent. 601 00:38:31,710 --> 00:38:35,280 So, the future technology will actually allow us 602 00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:38,070 to use sensors that would directly connect 603 00:38:38,070 --> 00:38:40,670 to a remain physiological structure, 604 00:38:40,670 --> 00:38:42,870 like muscles or like nerves, 605 00:38:42,870 --> 00:38:45,420 and allow us to actually get the signal 606 00:38:45,420 --> 00:38:48,000 directly as it is issued from 607 00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:50,800 the peripheral nervous system where the arc reflects to. 608 00:38:52,239 --> 00:38:54,540 Currently, we've been running proof of concept work, 609 00:38:54,540 --> 00:38:57,520 very early research with this type of technology, 610 00:38:57,520 --> 00:39:01,070 by putting implanted sensor in the residual limb 611 00:39:01,070 --> 00:39:03,650 of transtibial and transfemoral amputee, 612 00:39:03,650 --> 00:39:07,760 and that measure actually the muscle electrical activity. 613 00:39:07,760 --> 00:39:11,290 The sensor itself then communicates this information 614 00:39:11,290 --> 00:39:13,291 through a wireless system 615 00:39:13,291 --> 00:39:16,900 to the embedded computer in the prosthetic. 616 00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:29,164 Disabled since childhood, 617 00:39:29,164 --> 00:39:32,570 Gummi Olafsson has tested the latest prototype, 618 00:39:32,570 --> 00:39:35,170 which he can control with his mind. 619 00:39:40,988 --> 00:39:45,630 I run, I walk, I swim, I scuba dive, I snorkel, 620 00:39:45,630 --> 00:39:47,730 I go up mountains, I go hiking, 621 00:39:47,730 --> 00:39:49,150 I have a dog that I go out, 622 00:39:49,150 --> 00:39:52,135 I walk about 15 kilometers every day. 623 00:39:52,135 --> 00:39:56,700 Before, I walked 200 yards, before I lost my leg. 624 00:39:56,700 --> 00:39:59,580 So, my life is much better than before. 625 00:40:00,530 --> 00:40:04,400 So, that's basically what, you know, what drives me on. 626 00:40:08,810 --> 00:40:11,360 I got into accident when I was nine years old, 627 00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:13,860 I got hit by an oil truck. 628 00:40:13,860 --> 00:40:16,371 For 20 years I kept the foot, 629 00:40:16,371 --> 00:40:20,550 and in 2004, January of 2004, I got amputated. 630 00:40:22,350 --> 00:40:25,020 What I got is the sensors in my legs, 631 00:40:25,020 --> 00:40:27,000 and I can move that foot with my muscles, 632 00:40:27,000 --> 00:40:30,060 well, basically my mind tells my muscle to move the foot, 633 00:40:30,060 --> 00:40:34,840 and it does, and it's still a prototype, 634 00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:37,440 but oh my God, that's a great foot. 635 00:40:40,760 --> 00:40:45,034 When I got it the first time, I start to cry because 636 00:40:45,034 --> 00:40:48,070 I was moving my ankle for the first time in 11 years. 637 00:40:49,480 --> 00:40:51,830 And I wouldn't be able to move my ankle, all of sudden, 638 00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:54,690 my mind was telling my ankle to come up, going down, 639 00:40:54,690 --> 00:40:57,620 and I could do it, and it was just overwhelming, 640 00:40:57,620 --> 00:41:00,720 and you know, it was an amazing feeling, 641 00:41:00,720 --> 00:41:02,230 I still think about it backwards, 642 00:41:02,230 --> 00:41:05,183 and it gives me a smile on my face. 643 00:41:05,183 --> 00:41:07,820 I haven't used my muscle for so long. 644 00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:11,510 When I started to use my foot, 645 00:41:11,510 --> 00:41:14,660 I always had to think basically first, 646 00:41:14,660 --> 00:41:15,890 oh yeah I have to move it like this, 647 00:41:15,890 --> 00:41:19,460 or I have to move it like this, it's unnatural for me. 648 00:41:19,460 --> 00:41:21,210 You still have to think a little bit, 649 00:41:21,210 --> 00:41:23,680 but it's always getting less and less more, you know? 650 00:41:23,680 --> 00:41:26,800 When I'm walking up stairs, I just lift up the toe, 651 00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:29,550 I really don't think about it anymore, it just happens. 652 00:41:31,360 --> 00:41:35,220 2050, that is in 40 odd years. 653 00:41:36,056 --> 00:41:38,465 I wish the doctors would find out 654 00:41:38,465 --> 00:41:43,465 how to grow back a leg, that would be a great future, 655 00:41:44,981 --> 00:41:47,360 that you would get these, I don't know, 656 00:41:47,360 --> 00:41:50,690 like salamander or something that grow back their tails, 657 00:41:50,690 --> 00:41:52,900 that you could grow back your leg. 658 00:41:52,900 --> 00:41:56,900 But that would be a great future. 659 00:41:57,860 --> 00:42:01,300 If they can't, you always have to have a prosthetic leg 660 00:42:02,757 --> 00:42:04,790 to attach it to your body, 661 00:42:04,790 --> 00:42:06,440 then you would have feelings for it, 662 00:42:06,440 --> 00:42:10,410 that would be a great idea, that you could wiggle your toes, 663 00:42:10,410 --> 00:42:12,070 that would be even greater idea. 664 00:42:14,340 --> 00:42:15,820 Restoring sensation 665 00:42:15,820 --> 00:42:18,260 is the final frontier for prosthetics. 666 00:42:19,130 --> 00:42:22,560 By 2050, will artificial skin 667 00:42:22,560 --> 00:42:25,870 equipped with sensors conquer this obstacle? 668 00:42:28,730 --> 00:42:31,730 Reality is catching up with fiction. 669 00:42:42,940 --> 00:42:45,857 (guitar strumming) 670 00:43:01,993 --> 00:43:02,993 Oh my God. 671 00:43:05,580 --> 00:43:08,780 The prospect of fixing patients with smart prosthetics 672 00:43:08,780 --> 00:43:12,720 is an exciting one for doctors because, unfortunately, 673 00:43:12,720 --> 00:43:16,120 we're still too often confronted with diseases which 674 00:43:16,120 --> 00:43:20,450 destroy organs or functions and leave patients disabled. 675 00:43:22,852 --> 00:43:24,920 Our hope is to be able to overcome 676 00:43:24,920 --> 00:43:27,470 disabilities as seamlessly as possible. 677 00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:33,720 Future prosthetics evermore connected 678 00:43:33,720 --> 00:43:37,670 to the body will blur boundaries with flesh and bone. 679 00:43:48,120 --> 00:43:51,980 This vision could tempt us to augment the human body. 680 00:43:55,620 --> 00:43:59,050 The idea of the augmented man has always fascinated me. 681 00:44:00,140 --> 00:44:02,620 It's about prosthetics, extensions, 682 00:44:02,620 --> 00:44:05,600 the extension of the brain, of intelligence. 683 00:44:05,600 --> 00:44:09,050 We're in a field of action of investigation, 684 00:44:09,050 --> 00:44:12,260 a kind of laboratory, and obviously, 685 00:44:12,260 --> 00:44:13,950 imagination has no limits. 686 00:44:16,290 --> 00:44:19,850 From a repaired human to the bionic man, 687 00:44:21,760 --> 00:44:26,560 some dream of a hybrid creature, all but immortal, 688 00:44:26,560 --> 00:44:29,580 who would finally rid us of this aging body. 689 00:44:31,998 --> 00:44:36,330 The vision of a man machine whose parts will be replaced 690 00:44:36,330 --> 00:44:38,460 when he's sick, like a car, 691 00:44:39,530 --> 00:44:41,790 is obviously a very reductionist one 692 00:44:41,790 --> 00:44:44,740 which doesn't consider what medicine truly is. 693 00:44:46,400 --> 00:44:48,680 A sick person is anything but a car. 694 00:44:53,690 --> 00:44:55,960 Immortality is seductive, 695 00:44:56,980 --> 00:45:00,510 but isn't imperfection the essence of man? 696 00:45:01,840 --> 00:45:06,840 Someone who creates, who loves, and passes away. 697 00:45:12,970 --> 00:45:15,370 Medicine's big challenge is to enable people 698 00:45:15,370 --> 00:45:19,020 that are temporarily taken out of society by disease 699 00:45:19,020 --> 00:45:22,100 to get back into it and regain their humanity 700 00:45:22,100 --> 00:45:24,840 through interactions with their loved ones, 701 00:45:24,840 --> 00:45:27,680 their co-workers, and the society 702 00:45:27,680 --> 00:45:29,720 in which they'll reveal their talents. 703 00:45:33,680 --> 00:45:37,580 As the medicine of 2050 aims to cure us, 704 00:45:37,580 --> 00:45:40,270 one can dream that even preventive, 705 00:45:40,270 --> 00:45:45,270 targeted, and personalized, it will keep a human face. 706 00:45:52,031 --> 00:45:54,864 (inspiring music)