Narrator: AROUND THE WORLD, THE RACE TO WIN WARS
AND EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE HAS CREATED SOME OF THE MOST
INCREDIBLE PRODUCTS EVER DESIGNED,
AND WE USE THEM EVERY DAY,
UNAWARE OF THEIR AMAZING ORIGINS.
ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS"...
THE BICYCLE --
THE SECRET WARTIME PAST OF A TWO-WHEELED WONDER.
ENCRYPTION -- WORLD WAR II ENCODING TECHNIQUES
THAT ARE KEEPING YOUR E-MAILS SAFE TODAY.
ENERGY BARS --
MILITARY FOOD TECHNOLOGY PROVIDING ENERGY
FOR OUR BUSY WORKING DAY.
WE REVEAL THE AMAZING HISTORY
AND ENGINEERING BEHIND THESE INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS.
-- Captions by VITAC -- www.vitac.com
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
THE BICYCLE -- AN INVENTION THAT, TODAY,
WE TAKE FOR GRANTED,
BECAUSE FROM COUNTRY LANES TO INNER CITIES,
MUD TRACKS TO RACETRACKS, THEY'RE EVERYWHERE.
SINCE THEY WERE INVENTED
IN THE 19th CENTURY,
THE HUMBLE BIKE HAS BECOME A FAMILIAR SIGHT
IN OUR EVERY DAY LIVES.
ITS FIRST INCARNATION IS CALLED THE DANDY HORSE,
AND IT HAS A WOODEN FRAME,
SOLID RUBBER TIRES, AND NO PEDALS.
AFTER MORE THAN 40 YEARS OF IMPROVEMENTS AND DESIGN,
IN THE 1860s, THE VELOCIPEDE IS BORN.
THIS IS NOT ONLY A REDESIGN,
BUT IT CHANGES THE ENTIRE WAY THAT BIKES ARE NOW USED.
THE FRENCHMEN PIERRE MICHAUX AND PIERRE LALLEMENT
EQUIP THE TRADITIONAL BIKE WITH A PEDAL IN THE FRONT WHEEL.
WITH ITS ELEVATED SADDLE AND GIANT WHEEL,
THE VELOCIPEDE BECOMES
FAMOUSLY KNOWN AS THE PENNY-FARTHING.
THE HUGE SUCCESS OF THIS NEW MODEL MEANS
THAT THE BICYCLE BECOMES ONE OF THE MAIN
MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION.
IT ALSO BECOMES A SYMBOL OF PROGRESS AND GROWTH
AND IS SOON SYNONYMOUS WITH VICTORIAN GENTRY.
AS THE BICYCLE EVOLVES,
IT CATCHES THE EYE OF THE MILITARY
AND IS ADOPTED AS AN EASY
AND SPEEDY FORM OF TRANSPORTATION.
IF YOU GO BACK OVER 100 YEARS AGO,
GO BACK BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR,
AN OFFICER PERHAPS WOULD HAVE SEEN
THE USE OF A BIKE WITHIN BARRACKS.
CHEAPER THAN A HORSE, EASIER TO USE,
ALL YOU GOT TO DO IS REPAIR THE PUNCTURES.
Narrator: BY THE END OF THE CENTURY,
ALL EUROPEAN ARMIES
AND THE U.S. ARMED FORCES HAD BICYCLE INFANTRY.
WHEN WORLD WAR I BREAKS OUT,
ALL SIDES GIVE BICYCLES TO SCOUTS, MESSENGERS
AND AMBULANCE CARRIERS.
THEY'RE SUCH A HUGE SUCCESS THAT THEY'RE EVEN
AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE JAPANESE VICTORY
IN SINGAPORE DURING WORLD WAR II.
Hicks: THEIR TIRES ARE GONE.
THEY WERE ON THE RIMS OF THEIR BIKES,
BUT THEY WERE STILL CYCLING,
HELL FOR LEATHER, TOWARDS SINGAPORE.
AND THE BRITISH FORCES BELIEVED THERE WERE TANKS COMING
BECAUSE THE RATTLE OF THESE BIKES.
BIG MISTAKE, IT WAS THE JAPANESE ON PUSH-BIKES,
A UNIQUE USE OF THE PUSH-BIKE.
Narrator: AT ENIGMA BIKES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM,
THEY PRODUCE CUSTOM-BUILT
HANDMADE TITANIUM BICYCLES FOR CYCLISTS
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
AFTER CAREFULLY HAND-SELECTING
THE BEST TUBES AND PARTS FOR EACH BIKE,
THE FIRST STEP IS TO SET UP THE JIG WITH THE PRECISE
MEASUREMENTS SPECIFIED BY THE CUSTOMER.
A JIG IS A DEVICE THAT HOLDS THE FRAME
AND GUIDES THE TOOL THAT IS TO BE USED.
NEXT, THE TUBES ARE MEASURED AND CUT
TO SIZE BEFORE MITER JOINTS ARE FORMED IN THE TUBES
BY CUTTING BEVELS OF EQUAL ANGLES
AT THE END OF EACH PIECE
TO ENSURE THAT THE MAIN TRIANGULAR
FRAME OF THE BICYCLE FITS SNUGLY TOGETHER.
THE REAR DROP AXLE AND THE HEAD TUBE
ARE THEN PLACED ONTO THE JIG,
READY FOR THE WELDING PROCESS.
THE TUBES ARE FIRST TACK-WELDED INTO PLACE.
TACK WELDS ARE SMALLER WELDS
THAT HOLD THE FRAME TOGETHER READY FOR THE MAIN WELDING.
BEFORE THIS IS DONE, THOUGH,
THE FRAME IS LIFTED FROM THE JIG
AND PLACED ONTO THE ALIGNMENT TABLE
READY TO BE TRACKED AND CHECKED.
THE DOWN TUBE IS CHECKED FIRST, FOLLOWED BY THE SEAT TUBE.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO DO THIS THROUGH THE STAGES
OF THE BIKE-BUILDING PROCESS.
WITH THE FRAME ALIGNED,
THE MAIN WELDING PROCESS CAN BEGIN.
THIS HAND-WELDING IS DONE WITH EXPERT PRECISION
AND FORMS AND ENTIRELY STURDY
AND DURABLE FRAME FOR THE BIKE.
FACING CUTS THE OUTSIDE OF THE TUBE,
AND REAMING OPENS UP THE HOLE TO A SLIGHTLY BIGGER SIZE.
THIS PROCESS CORRECTS ANY DISTORTIONS INSIDE THE TUBE
THAT COULD HAVE BEEN CAUSED IN THE WELDING PROCESS.
NOW IT'S TIME TO GIVE THE FRAME SOME TLC.
AS MUCH CARE IS PUT INTO THE BIKE'S APPEARANCE
AS WITH THE BUILDING PROCESS.
THE FRAME IS SCRUBBED TO GIVE IT
A NEAT FINISH BEFORE THE BRAND DECALS
ARE APPLIED BY HAND.
THESE ARE SPECIFIC TO THE MODEL OF EACH BIKE.
THE FRAME IS THEN READY TO BE PASSED ON
TO THE MECHANIC TO BE BUILT UP.
TO BEGIN THE BUILD, THE FRONT FORK OF THE BIKE
IS ADDED TO THE FRAME.
THE MECHANIC MEASURES THE STEERING TUBE OF THE FORK
AND CUTS IT TO SIZE SO THAT THE HEADSET
AND HANDLEBAR STEM CAN BE FITTED.
THE BOTTOM BRACKET OF THE BIKE
IS PREPARED IN ORDER FOR THE CHAIN RING
AND PEDAL CRANK ARM TO BE SECURED INTO PLACE.
REAR DERAILLEUR GEARS ARE FITTED TO THE FRAME
ALONG WITH THE BRAKES BEFORE THE HANDLEBARS
ARE SLID INTO THE STEM.
THE REAR COGS, OR CASSETTE,
ARE CAREFULLY PLACED ONTO THE REAR
WHEEL OF THE BIKE, TIGHTENED,
AND THEN IT'S ALL FITTED TO THE FRAME.
THE MECHANIC ADJUSTS AND TIGHTENS THE REAR BRAKES
BEFORE ADDING THE FRONT WHEEL
AND ALSO ADJUSTING THE FRONT BRAKES.
THE BRAKE AND SHIFT LEVER IS SLIPPED INTO THE HANDLEBARS
AND FIXED INTO PLACE.
HE THEN MEASURES THE CHAIN BY HAND AND CUTS IT
USING A CHAIN SPLITTER.
THIS IS LINKED TO CREATE A SEAMLESSLY JOINED BIKE CHAIN.
HERE, THE REAR DERAILLEUR
CAN NOW BE LINED UP WITH THE COGS.
BRAKE CABLES ARE MEASURED AND CUT
BEFORE BEING FITTED TO THE BIKE.
THE MECHANIC THEN ADDS CABLE STOPS TO THE ENDS OF EACH CABLE
TO PREVENT THEM FROM SLIPPING OUT OF PLACE.
AFTER FIXING THE CABLES NEATLY TO THE HANDLEBARS,
HANDLEBAR TAPE THAT HAS BEEN SPECIALLY DESIGNED
FOR THE PERFECT COMBINATION OF COMFORT
AND ENDURANCE IS WOUND AROUND THE BARS.
WITH THIS DONE, THE MECHANIC RUNS
THROUGH THE GEAR CHANGES OF THE BIKE,
ENSURING NO PROBLEMS SUCH AS A SLIPPING CHAIN.
HE UNBOXES AND FITS THE PEDALS
AND THEN ATTACHES THE SADDLE TO THE SEAT POST
BEFORE THIS IS SLIPPED INTO PLACE.
AND THAT'S IT, A PERFECTLY ENGINEERED,
HANDMADE BIKE FROM START TO FINISH
READY TO HIT THE STREETS.
FROM A TWO-WHEELED WONDER
TO THE SECRETS OF THE INTERNET,
COMING UP NEXT, ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS."
Narrator: THE INTERNET HAS GIVEN US ENORMOUS FREEDOM.
WE CAN BROWSE, WATCH, BUY, AND SHARE ALMOST ANYTHING.
BUT WITH SO MUCH INFORMATION BEING PASSED AROUND THE GLOBE,
GROWING CONCERNS ABOUT DATA
AND PRIVACY PROTECTION HAVE LED THE BEST MINDS IN THE WORLD
TO COME UP WITH WAYS TO PROTECT OUR INFORMATION.
AND THEIR SOLUTION? ENCRYPTION.
Gybels: ENCRYPTION IS REALLY TAKING ANY READABLE MESSAGE
AND TRANSFORMING IT SO THAT IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERSTAND
OR READ IT IF YOU DON'T HAVE THE SECRET KEY.
AND THIS ALLOWS YOU TO TAKE A MESSAGE AND SEND IT
WITHOUT ANYBODY ELSE BEING ABLE TO READ OR UNDERSTAND IT.
Narrator: ALTHOUGH WE THINK OF ENCRYPTION
AS A THOROUGHLY MODERN CONCEPT, IT HAS BEEN USED,
STUDIED, AND REFINED FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS
THROUGH THE SCIENCE OF CRYPTOGRAPHY,
WHICH LITERALLY MEANS "SECRET WRITING" IN ANCIENT GREEK.
IT IS ACTUALLY THE ANCIENT GREEKS
WHO CREATE SOME OF THE EARLIEST WAYS
TO BAFFLE SNOOPING EYES.
THE ANCIENT GREEKS USED TO WRITE MESSAGES
ON PIECES OF LEATHER THAT WERE STRUNG AROUND A WOODEN STICK.
AND THEN IF YOU TAKE THE LEATHER OFF THE STICK,
IT KIND OF UNFOLDS,
AND IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO READ THE MESSAGE
UNLESS YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TYPE OF STICK
TO PUT THE LEATHER AROUND AGAIN
AND RECOMPOSE THE MESSAGE.
SO PEOPLE HAVE BEEN DOING ENCRYPTION
AND FINDING WAYS OF HIDING THEIR MESSAGES
FOR A VERY LONG TIME, REALLY.
Narrator: THE FIRST KNOWN USE OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
DATES BACK TO ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TIMES
IN THE FORM OF HIEROGLYPHICS
THAT WERE CARVED INTO MONUMENTS.
SINCE THEN, GENERALS,
MONARCHS, AND LOVERS USED CRYPTOGRAPHY
TO SEND ENCRYPTED MESSAGES.
WARS ARE WON OR LOST WITH THE HELP OF CRYPTOGRAPHY,
EITHER BECAUSE ONE SIDE SUCCESSFULLY HIDES
THEIR COMMUNICATIONS THROUGH ENCRYPTION
OR BY THE OTHER SIDE BREAKING THEIR ENEMY'S CODES
AND DECRYPTING THEIR MESSAGES.
ENCRYPTION THAT WAS USED IN WORLD WAR II
BY THE GERMANS, IN PARTICULAR,
WENT BACK TO THE LAST DAYS
OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR, REALLY,
WHERE THE ORIGINAL ENIGMA MACHINES
WERE BEING DEVELOPED AS A MEANS OF TAKING A MESSAGE
AND USING SUBSTITUTION TO REPLACE
THE CHARACTERS OF THE MESSAGE
BY SOMETHING ELSE SO THAT THE INFORMATION
BECOMES UNREADABLE OR SECRETIVE.
SO MUCH OF WHAT WENT ON IN PLACES
LIKE BLETCHLEY PARK WAS REALLY ABOUT TRYING TO UNDERSTAND
WHAT HAPPENED IN THOSE ENIGMA MACHINES
AND HOW THE CODE WORKED
SO THAT, BY KNOWING WHAT THE KEYS ARE
AND HOW THE CODE LOGICALLY WORKS,
YOU CAN THEN REVERSE ENGINEER THE PLAIN TEXT MESSAGE
FROM THE ENCRYPTED MESSAGE THAT YOU INTERCEPTED.
Narrator: WITH THE INVENTION OF THE INTERNET
IN THE 20th CENTURY,
SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGY EXPERTS BEGAN USING ENCRYPTION
TO SECURE DATA TRAFFIC TRAVELING AROUND THE NETWORK.
SO, OF COURSE, TODAY, WE RELY ON ENCRYPTION
TO KEEP OUR COMMUNICATIONS ON THE INTERNET SAFE
AND SECURE AND RELIABLE.
AND IN FACT, WITHOUT ENCRYPTION,
THE INTERNET AS WE KNOW IT TODAY WOULD NOT EXIST.
Narrator: DIGITAL ENCRYPTION IS PRODUCED
BY USING COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS
TO ENCRYPT AND DECRYPT THE INFORMATION
THAT IS BEING PASSED BACK AND FORTH.
AN ALGORITHM IS NOTHING MORE BUT A SERIES OF STEPS YOU TAKE.
SO YOU GET SOME INPUT,
YOU PERFORM A NUMBER OF STEPS ON IT,
AND THAT GENERATES SOME OUTPUT.
THAT'S BASICALLY WHAT AN ALGORITHM IS,
A RECIPE FOR A SET OF STEPS OF THINGS TO DO
WITH A PIECE OF INFORMATION TO PRODUCE AN OUTPUT.
Narrator: TODAY, ONE OF THE MOST COMMON FORMS
OF COMPUTER ENCRYPTION IS ASYMMETRIC-KEY ALGORITHMS.
HOW IT WORKS CAN BE EXPLAINED BY THIS SIMPLIFIED SCENARIO.
IMAGINE TINA HAS A PRIVATE MESSAGE
SHE WANTS TO SEND TO JOHN.
TINA AND JOHN HAVE THEIR OWN PADLOCKED BOXES.
IF TINA WANTS TO SEND A MESSAGE TO JOHN,
SHE ASKS FOR HIS UNLOCKED PADLOCK BOX.
ONCE SHE RECEIVES IT, TINA PUTS HER MESSAGE INSIDE
AND SENDS IT TO JOHN,
WHO USES HIS OWN KEY TO OPEN IT.
IF JOHN WANTS TO REPLY, HE ASKS FOR TINA'S OPEN PADLOCK BOX
AND PUSHES HIS MESSAGE INSIDE, LOCKS IT, AND SENDS IT TO TINA,
WHO THEN USES HER OWN KEY TO OPEN THE BOX
AND READ THE MESSAGE.
NICE AND CLEAR? SOUNDS VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD,
BUT BEHIND THIS SIMPLE EXPLANATION,
THERE IS COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL WORK
THAT GOES INTO REAL-WORLD COMPUTER ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES.
ENCRYPTION IS USED IN ALL ASPECTS OF OUR MODERN-DAY LIFE.
WE RELY SO MUCH ON TECHNOLOGY THAT, WITHOUT ENCRYPTION,
THE DETAILS OF OUR EVERYDAY LIVES
WOULD BE EXPOSED AND OPEN TO ABUSE.
MANY COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS, THINGS LIKE ONLINE BANKING,
BUT JUST ALSO KNOWING
THAT WHEN YOU CONNECT TO A WEB SERVER,
YOU CONNECT TO THE GENUINE WEB SERVER
AND NOT SOME FAKE SERVER
THAT IS TRYING TO STEAL YOUR DETAILS.
THOSE SORT OF THINGS RELY VERY HEAVILY ON ENCRYPTION
IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO WORK.
Narrator: IN ORDER TO MAKE OUR ELECTRONIC WORLD MORE SECURE,
WE HAVE TO RELY ON TECHNOLOGY
FROM THE ANCIENT MILITARY PAST.
THOUSANDS OF YEARS OF ENCRYPTION
IS CERTAINLY AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.
SO THAT'S HOW IT WORKS,
BUT HOW ABOUT AN ENCRYPTION CIPHER
YOU CAN DO YOURSELF?
WE'LL SHOW YOU HOW WHEN WE RETURN.
Narrator: ENCRYPTION DOES SEEM COMPLICATED,
BUT HERE'S A CIPHER YOU CAN DO YOURSELF.
THE CIPHER WE ARE GOING TO USE
IS BASED ON BINARY X.O.R. OPERATION,
WHERE TWO INPUTS WILL CREATE AN OUTPUT.
THE INPUTS CAN ONLY BE ZERO OR ONE,
AND THE RESULT CAN ONLY BE ZERO OR ONE
IF YOU FOLLOW THESE RULES.
TWO ZEROS INPUTTED WILL RESULT IN A ZERO OUTPUT.
A ZERO AND A ONE WILL GIVE YOU A ONE.
A ONE AND A ZERO WILL LEAD TO A ONE.
AND FINALLY, A ONE AND A ONE
WILL LEAVE YOU WITH A ZERO OUTPUT.
THE LETTER A IN BINARY CODE
IS WRITTEN AS 0100001.
OUR TESTER COMES UP WITH A KEY,
WHICH BASICALLY MEANS HE RANDOMLY ATTACHES
DIFFERENT VALUES FOR EACH DIGIT.
IN THIS EXAMPLE, HE IS USING 11101010,
BUT HE COULD USE ANY COMBINATIONS OF ONES AND ZEROS.
HE THEN ADDS EACH DIGIT TOGETHER TO CREATE THE CIPHER TEXT.
IF WE FOLLOW ALONG THE LINE, ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,
ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,
ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,
ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,
ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,
ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,
ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,
AND FINALLY, ONE PLUS ZERO EQUALS ONE.
THIS GIVES US THE CIPHER TEXT 10101011,
WHICH, WITHOUT THE KEY, IS RANDOM GOBBLEDYGOOK.
NOW, IF OUR TESTER'S FRIEND HAS THE KEY,
HE CAN TAKE THAT GOBBLEDYGOOK
AND APPLY THE SAME X.O.R. OPERATION.
SO ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,
ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,
ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,
ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,
ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,
ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,
ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,
ONE PLUS ZERO EQUALS ONE,
AND THERE YOU GO -- 01000001,
OUR ORIGINAL BINARY LETTER "A."
THE SECRET?
THE REASON THIS WORKS IS THAT, IF YOU APPLY
AN X.O.R. OPERATION TWICE,
YOU CAN GET THE INITIAL INPUT AGAIN.
CLEVER STUFF.
THE KEY CAN LITERALLY BE ANY COMBINATION OF ONES
OR ZEROS THAT YOU WANT TO USE.
JUST REMEMBER, YOU NEED THE SAME KEY
TO UNLOCK YOUR SUPERSECRET CIPHER.
FOOD AND WATER ARE THE TWO
MOST BASIC HUMAN NEEDS FOR SURVIVAL.
THE AVERAGE INTAKE FOR A FULLY GROWN MALE
IS 2,500 CALORIES, AND FOR FEMALE,
ABOUT 2,000 CALORIES.
OF COURSE, THIS COMPLETELY CHANGES
AND IS DEPENDENT ON YOUR HEIGHT,
YOUR BUILD, YOUR SIZE.
SO IT REALLY DOES DEPEND
ON WHAT YOU'RE DOING BECAUSE KCAL,
IT'S LIKE WHAT YOU PUT IN IS WHAT YOU GET OUT.
SO YOUR BODY NEEDS THESE TO KIND OF KEEP OPERATING, KEEP GOING.
AND THE MORE YOU'RE DOING, THE MORE FOOD YOU NEED.
Narrator: WITH OUR BUSY LIFESTYLES AND EXERCISE ROUTINES,
SOMETIMES YOU NEED TO REACH FOR A HANDY NUTRITIONAL SNACK,
AND THE ENERGY BAR SEEMS TO DO THE JOB PERFECTLY.
BUT DID YOU KNOW THAT IS HAS MILITARY ORIGINS?
WELL, AFTER THE BREAK, WE'LL EXPLAIN WHY
AND EXPLORE HOW THE MILITARY HELPED US BETTER UNDERSTAND
THE FOOD WE EAT.
Narrator: DURING WORLD WAR II,
AUTHORITIES STRUGGLED TO MEET A SOLDIER'S
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL NEEDS.
TROOPS ARE STILL BEING SUPPLIED WITH HARDTACK BISCUITS,
THE SAME KIND OF FOOD THAT HAD BEEN SUPPLIED
TO THE ROMAN ARMIES 2,000 YEARS EARLIER.
IN 1941, THE U.S. WAR DEPARTMENT SEEKS
TO DESIGN A MEAL THAT IS NONPERISHABLE,
READY-TO-EAT, AND WILL FIT IN A SOLDIER'S POCKET.
THE RESULT IS THE K-RATION.
THE K-RATION IS THE FIRST PACK
TO MANAGE HUNGER AND PROVIDE ENERGY.
WE KNOW THEM TODAY AS MREs. IN TOTAL, THREE MEALS ARE
PROVIDED -- BREAKFAST, LUNCH AND DINNER.
TOGETHER, THESE GIVE A SOLDIER
A CALORIE INTAKE OF 3,000 CALORIES.
A YEAR LATER, IT IS STANDARD ISSUE AMONG U.S. FORCES
AND IS TAKEN UP BY THEIR ALLIES.
Hurd: SOLDIERS IN KIND OF OUT IN THE FIELD,
FIELD RATIONS AT THE MOMENT BY THE U.S. MILITARY,
THE U.K. MILITARY ARE SET AT AROUND 4,500 CALORIES,
SO DOUBLE THE AVERAGE INTAKE.
AND THAT REALLY IS SEEN AS, YOU KNOW, GOING ON LONG SLOGS,
MARCHES,
INTENSE PHYSICAL EXERCISE.
Narrator: ENERGY BARS TODAY PROMISE TO REPLACE MEALS
BY GIVING YOU NUTRITION IN A HANDY SNACK-SIZED BAR,
IDEAL FOR OUR BUSY LIFESTYLES.
SO THE PROTEIN IN THE ENERGY BARS,
THEY CAN BE USED AS ENERGY BUT ACTUALLY, MAINLY,
TO USE TO HELP REPAIR YOUR MUSCLE
AND TO HELP BUILD IT BACK UP AGAIN.
THEIR CONSTITUENTS HAVE A LOW AMOUNT OF FAT AND FIBER,
AND THIS IS MAINLY THAT FIBER CAN REDUCE THE ABSORPTION.
IT SLOWS DOWN THE RELEASE OF SUGARS
INTO YOUR BLOOD SYSTEM,
SO, HENCE, KEEPING IT AS LOW AS POSSIBLE
ACTUALLY ALLOWS YOU TO GET A QUICK PEAK OF SUGAR
INTO YOUR BLOODSTREAM WHEN YOU NEED IT.
Narrator: THERE ARE STILL SOME BARS THAT STICK
TO THAT MILITARY FORMULA.
SOLDIER FUEL IS ONE SUCH BAR.
MANUFACTURED IN CANADA SINCE 2004,
IT IS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO MEET
THE NEEDS OF THE MODERN SOLDIER.
D'Andrea: THE STORY OF THE BAR IS BASICALLY
THE THREE BROTHERS GOT TOGETHER AND WE CREATED AN ENERGY BAR
THAT WAS DESIGNED FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES.
IT DELIVERS STEADY ENERGY.
IT GIVES YOU A FRUIT-BASED SUGAR BURST, INITIALLY UP,
AND THEN IT GIVES YOU THIS PROTEIN-MODULATED STREAM
OF STEADY ENERGY FOR A STEADY ENERGY BURN.
AND THE PRODUCT TOOK OFF.
Narrator: ALL THE INGREDIENTS ARE ADDED
TO A DOUBLE SIGMA ARM MIXER.
THE DOUBLE BLADES ROTATE AND MIX
WITH CONSTANT TORQUE TO MAKE A DOUGH.
ONCE THE PRODUCT HAS BEEN MIXED,
THE BOWL IS TILTED FORWARD,
AND THE DOUGH IS RELEASED INTO A STAINLESS-STEEL BIN
AND TAKEN TO THE SLAB FORMER.
THE DOUGH IS DRAWN THROUGH A CONTINUOUS-FEED SLAB FORMER,
WHICH CREATES THE BASE SHEET OF DOUGH ONTO A LINE BELOW.
THEN A TOPPING LAYER IS ADDED TO THE NEW SLAB
BEFORE IT GOES THROUGH COOLING.
IT MAKES ITS WAY THROUGH A SLITTER CALLED A SOLLICH
THAT CUTS THE DOUGH INTO LONG INDIVIDUAL ROWS.
THE LINE THEN MOVES UP TO THE GUILLOTINE,
WHERE THE FINAL SHAPE OF THE PRODUCT
IS DETERMINED AND THEN CUT.
THE FRESH BARS THEN TRAVEL ALONG THE LINES INDIVIDUALLY,
BUT THEY HAVE TO PASS NUMEROUS WEIGHT AND VISUAL INSPECTIONS.
ONCE WE BLEND ALL THESE INGREDIENTS TOGETHER,
WE GET A MIXTURE THAT WILL LOOK LIKE THIS.
AND WE NEED TO MAKE SURE, AT THIS POINT IN THE LAB,
WHEN WE WORK ON THE FINAL PRODUCT,
THAT THE TEXTURE OF IT AND STICKINESS
AND THE APPEARANCE,
ALSO, WILL BE THE ONE THAT WE'RE LOOKING FOR.
ONCE THE BARS HAVE PASSED THEIR INSPECTIONS,
THEY'RE SENT UP TO A DOUGHBOY MACHINE,
WHERE THEY'RE INDIVIDUALLY WRAPPED
AND SEALED IN A SPECIAL FOIL
THAT GIVES A VERY LONG SHELF LIFE,
MAKING SOLDIER FUEL PERFECT FOR THE MILITARY.
D'Andrea: THEY'RE FED INTO A MACHINE
WHICH VERY PRECISELY SEALS THEM IN THEIR WRAPPER
AND CUTS THE WRAPPER JUST RIGHT.
IT CRIMPS THE ENDS JUST RIGHT AND SEALS THAT ENERGY BAR,
AND THAT MEANS IT'S NOW PROTECTED FROM MOISTURE.
THAT MEANS IT STAYS FRESH FOR AN EXTRAORDINARILY LONG TIME.
Narrator: NOW THE FRESHLY WRAPPED BARS
MOVE FURTHER UP THE LINE,
WHERE THEY ARE BOXED BY MACHINE AND SENT ALONG THE BELTS,
GATHERED, AND MADE READY FOR DISTRIBUTION.
D'Andrea: SEALs USE IT.
SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES USE IT.
FOREIGN MILITARIES NOW USE IT.
BUT WHAT BECAME INTERESTING TO US WAS CIVILIANS
AND ELITE ATHLETES,
LIKE TRIATHLETES, WOULD SAY, "WAIT A MINUTE.
IF A NAVY SEAL IS EATING THIS ENERGY BAR,
THEN I'D LIKE TO EAT THIS ENERGY BAR, TOO.
LET ME GIVE IT A SHOT."
IT BEGAN AS A PRODUCT FOR ELITE SPECIAL OPERATIONS PERSONNEL,
AND THEN THE CIVILIAN WORLD TOOK INTEREST.
Narrator: SO THERE YOU HAVE IT --
A GLANCE THROUGH THE HIDDEN HISTORY
AND SUPER SCIENCE OF SOME AMAZING PRODUCTS
WE USE EVERY DAY.
THE BICYCLE, ENCRYPTION, AND ENERGY BARS.
THEY MAY SEEM COMMON AND ORDINARY.
HOWEVER, THESE PRODUCTS HELPED CHANGE THE WORLD
ONE INCREDIBLE INVENTION AT A TIME.